Utilization of Partially Liquefied Bark for Production of Particleboards

Bark as a sawmilling residue can be used for producing value-added chemicals and materials. This study investigated the use of partially liquefied bark (PLB) for producing particleboard with or without synthetic adhesives. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) bark was partially liquefied in the presence of ethylene glycol and sulfuric acid. Four types of particleboard panels were prepared with a PLB content of 4.7%, 9.1%, 20%, and 33.3%, respectively. Another five types of particleboard panels were manufactured by using similar amounts of PLB and 10 wt.% of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. Characterization of bark and solid residues of PLB was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and automated vapor sorption (AVS). Mechanical and physical properties of the particleboard were tested according to the European standards EN 310 for determining modulus of elasticity and bending strength, EN 317 for determining thickness swelling after immersion in water, and EN 319 for determining internal bond strength. The results showed that the increase in PLB content improved the mechanical strength for the non-MUF boards, and the MUF-bonded boards with up to 20% of PLB met the requirements for interior uses in dry conditions according to EN 312. The non-MUF boards containing 33.3% of PLB and the MUF-bonded boards showed comparable thickness swelling and water absorption levels compared to the reference board.

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Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Petar Antov ◽

Viktor Savov ◽

Ľuboš Krišťák ◽

Roman Réh ◽

George I. Mantanis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

High Density ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Natural Wood ◽

European Standards

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

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Selected properties of particleboard made of raspberry Rubus idaeus L. lignocellulosic particles

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.7727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

pp. 113-124

Author(s):

ANITA WRONKA ◽

GRZEGORZ KOWALUK

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Fractional Composition ◽

Strength Criterion ◽

Rubus Idaeus ◽

Raw Material ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

European Standards

Selected properties of particleboard made of raspberry Rubus idaeus L. lignocellulosic particles. The aim of the research was to confirm the possibility of using lignocellulosic particles of raspberry Rubus idaeus L. stalks as an alternative raw material in particleboard technology. Within the scope of work, it was to produce particleboards from raspberry lignocellulosic particles in laboratory conditions, and to investigate selected mechanical and physical properties of the produced boards. In addition to the aforementioned tests, the characterization of the lignocellulosic raw material used in the tests (density, bark share, fractional composition) was carried out. The tests have shown that it is possible to produce the furniture particleboards with use the lignocellulosic particles of raspberry Rubus idaeus L. To meet the requirements of the European standards for furniture panels, such particleboards must contain less than 50% of raspberry particles with density 650 kg/m3 (due to the bending strength criterion).

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Effect of Soaking/Oven- Drying on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Birch (Betula spp.) Plywood

Drvna industrija ◽

10.5552/drvind.2021.1946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 121-129

Author(s):

Regino Kask ◽

Harri Lille ◽

Mihkel Kiviste ◽

Silver Kruus ◽

Johann Olaf Lääne

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Oven Drying ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

The Face ◽

European Standards ◽

Fractional Equation

The objective of this study was to explore some of the physical and mechanical properties of 9-layer birch (Betula spp.) plywood with the addition of phenol-formaldehyde glue, in cases in which the cutting edges of the samples are coated with the damp-proof mastic Fibergum, and in case in which they remain unprocessed (uncoated), following a total of ten cycles of soaking/oven-drying. The properties to be determined were the bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) and restore dimensions (RD), which were tested according to the European standards (EN). A linear-fractional equation and linear relationship were used for the approximation of any change in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples depending upon the number of soaking/oven-drying cycles. It was shown that the values of the properties investigated were most affected by the first soaking and drying cycle. Thereafter, BS and MOE levels decreased smoothly at a low rate, but the values of TS became stabilised. The BS and MOE values for the wet samples with coated cutting edges were higher than when they were uncoated, as the moisture levels in the former case were lower. After the first soaking of the samples with coated cutting edges, the retention values were as follows: BS at 52.8 % and 66.7 % for the major and minor axes, respectively, with the same applying to MOE at 61.9 % and 64.2 %, while TS was at 105.2 %. To clarify the phenomenon that causes a decrease of the properties, the face plies and edge structures of the initial dry samples and of the samples after the first, second and ninth soaking/oven-drying cycles were studied using the X-Ray technique.Ključne riječi

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Properties of Particleboard from Sawmill Wastes and Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) with Different Board Thickness and Resin Content

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d5227.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 6808-6812

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Resin Content ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Internal Bonding ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Board Thickness ◽

European Standards

This study investigate the effect of the board thickness and resin content on the properties of particleboard. Single-layered sawmill wastes and rubberwood particleboards bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) resins were manufactured. The boards were fabricated with three different board thicknesses (15, 18 and 25mm) at three different resin contents (7, 8 and 9%). The boards produced were evaluated for their modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) in accordance with the European Standards. Board thickness does affect the mechanical properties of particleboard. The study revealed that thinner boards gave higher MOE, MOR, IB and TS. No significant effects were found among three resin contents for MOE, MOR, IB and TS. It can be concluded that the particleboard made from mix tropical wood from sawmill waste and with rubberwood were suitable for particleboard manufacturing.

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Feasibility of using waste sweet bay wood (Laurus nobilis L.) in particleboard production

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.4.8175-8190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 8175-8190

Author(s):

Hikmet Yazici

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Middle Layer ◽

General Purpose ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Laurus Nobilis ◽

Leaf Processing ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Group A

Turkey holds a 95% market share of global sweet bay (Laurus nobilis L.) leaf trade, and it has 25 leaf processing and manufacturing facilities with different capacities. In this study, the usability of waste sweet bay wood (BW) that was removed from bay leaf processing plants was studied. For this purpose, three-layer particleboards were produced by mixing industrial chips (IC) and waste sweet bay wood chips (BWC) at a mixture rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. For panel production, urea formaldehyde adhesive (UF) was used in 10% of the surface layers and in 8% of the middle layer based on dry chip weight. Some mechanical properties, such as bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), internal bond strength (IB) of the test panels, thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) amounts, were determined. The results showed that all panel groups except group C (25% BWC + 75% IC) met the general purpose panel class (P1) requirements for use in dry conditions according to TS EN 312 (2012). In addition, group A panels (100% BWC) met the requirements of P2 class for the MOE and BS, and group E panels (75% BWC + 25% IC) met the P3 standards. The results showed that BWC could be used to produce particleboard for general purposes, including furniture.

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Characterization of Hoop Pine (Araucaria Cunninghamii Sweet) for Ply and Particleboard Manufacture

Indian Journal of Forestry ◽

10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-er2dc6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 143-146

Author(s):

Md. Rahaman ◽

Khurshid Akhter ◽

M.W. Sheikh ◽

R. Akhter

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Solid Content ◽

British Standard ◽

Press Temperature ◽

Hoop Pine ◽

Araucaria Cunninghamii ◽

Press Time

Studies for assessing the suitability of Hoop-pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) wood for plywood and particleboard manufacture. It was found that 1.5 mm thick smooth and figured veneer can be made and dried easily. Three-ply plywood were made using veneer of this species bonded with liquid urea formaldehyde glue of 50% solid content, extended with wheat flour and catalyzed (ammonium chloride) with 2% hardener under the specific pressures, viz, 1.05 N/mm2, 1.40 N/mm2, 1.76 N/mm2 in three replications at 6 minutes press time and 120°C press temperature. Dry and wet shear test were conducted on the sample and their shear load at failure per unit area and percentage of wood failure were determined. 1.40 N/mm2 pressure was found best for the manufacture of plywood. The physical and mechanical properties of hoop-pine particleboard were studied. The particleboards were tested for determining the strength and dimensional stability. The tensile strength passed the German and British standard specifications, bending strength found to nearest the Indian Standard but did not pass the German and British standard specifications.

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Structural Application of Lightweight Panels Made of Waste Cardboard and Beech Veneer

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14175064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5064

Author(s):

Vassil Jivkov ◽

Ralitsa Simeonova ◽

Petar Antov ◽

Assia Marinova ◽

Boryana Petrova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Value Added ◽

Bending Moments ◽

Furniture Design ◽

Stiffness Coefficients ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Corrugated Cardboard ◽

Strength And Stiffness ◽

Value Added Products

In recent years, the furniture design trends include ensuring ergonomic standards, development of new environmentally friendly materials, optimised use of natural resources, and sustainably increased conversion of waste into value-added products. The circular economy principles require the reuse, recycling or upcycling of materials. The potential of reusing waste corrugated cardboard to produce new lightweight boards suitable for furniture and interior applications was investigated in this work. Two types of multi-layered panels were manufactured in the laboratory from corrugated cardboard and beech veneer, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Seven types of end corner joints of the created lightweight furniture panels and three conventional honeycomb panels were tested. Bending moments and stiffness coefficients in the compression test were evaluated. The bending strength values of the joints made of waste cardboard and beech veneer exhibited the required strength for application in furniture constructions or as interior elements. The joints made of multi-layer panels with a thickness of 51 mm, joined by dowels, demonstrated the highest bending strength and stiffness values (33.22 N∙m). The joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels and connected with Confirmat had satisfactory bending strength values (10.53 N∙m) and Minifix had the lowest strength values (6.15 N∙m). The highest stiffness values (327 N∙m/rad) were determined for the 50 mm thick cardboard honeycomb panels connected by plastic corner connector and special screw Varianta, and the lowest values for the joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels connected by Confirmat (40 N∙m/rad) and Minifix (43 N∙m/rad), respectively. The application of waste corrugated cardboard as a structural material for furniture and interiors can be improved by further investigations.

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Particle Board and Oriented Strand Board Prepared with Nanocellulose-Reinforced Adhesive

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2012/158503 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Stefan Veigel ◽

Jörn Rathke ◽

Martin Weigl ◽

Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Oriented Strand Board ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Particle Board ◽

Adhesive Bonds ◽

Adhesive Mixtures ◽

Scale Particle ◽

Muf Adhesives

Adhesives on the basis of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) are extensively used in the production of wood-based panels. In the present study, the attempt was made to improve the mechanical board properties by reinforcing these adhesives with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The latter were produced from dissolving grade beech pulp by a mechanical homogenization process. Adhesive mixtures with a CNF content of 0, 1, and 3 wt% based on solid resin were prepared by mixing an aqueous CNF suspension with UF and MUF adhesives. Laboratory-scale particle boards and oriented strand boards (OSBs) were produced, and the mechanical and fracture mechanical properties were investigated. Particle boards prepared with UF containing 1 wt% CNF showed a reduced thickness swelling and better internal bond and bending strength than boards produced with pure UF. The reinforcing effect of CNF was even more obvious for OSB where a significant improvement of strength properties of 16% was found. For both, particle board and OSB, mode I fracture energy and fracture toughness were the parameters with the greatest improvement indicating that the adhesive bonds were markedly toughened by the CNF addition.

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Walnut and Hazelnut Shells: Untapped Industrial Resources and Their Suitability in Lignocellulosic Composites

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6340 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽

Thomas Sepperer ◽

Eugenia Mariana Tudor ◽

Alexander Petutschnigg

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Brinell Hardness ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Hazelnut Shell ◽

Hazelnut Shells

Walnut and hazelnut shells are agricultural by-products, available in high quantities during the harvest season. The potential of using these two agricultural residues as raw materials in particleboard production has been evaluated in this study. Different panels with either walnut or hazelnut shells in combination with melamine-urea formaldehyde or polyurethane at the same level of 1000 kg/m3 density were produced in a laboratory hot press and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and Brinell hardness) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) were determined, together with formaldehyde content. Although Brinell hardness was 35% to 65% higher for the nutshell-based panels, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were 40% to 50% lower for the melamine-urea formaldehyde bonded nutshells compared to spruce particleboards, but was 65% higher in the case of using polyurethane. Water absorption and thickness swelling could be reduced significantly for the nutshell-based boards compared to the spruce boards (the values recorded ranged between 58% to 87% lower as for the particleboards). Using polyurethane as an adhesive has benefits for water uptake and thickness swelling and also for bending strength and modulus of elasticity. The free formaldehyde content of the lignocellulosic-based panels was included in the E0 category (≤2.5 mg/100 g) for both walnut and hazelnut shell raw materials and the use of polyurethane improved these values to super E0 category (≤1.5 mg/100 g).

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Some properties of particleboard panels treated with extractives of Cerbera odollam tree

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998310377941 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 901-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rokiah Hashim ◽

Mohd Hazim Mohd Amini ◽

Othman Sulaiman ◽

Salim Hiziroglu ◽

Fumio Kawamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Insect Damage ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽

Wood Bark ◽

European Standards ◽

Different Parts

This study investigated certain aspects of physical and mechanical properties and resistance against biological deterioration of particleboard panels treated with extractives from different parts of Cerbera odollam trees. Particles of rubber-wood ( Hevea brasiliensis) treated with extracts of leaf, fruit, wood, bark, flower, and seed of Cerbera odollam were used to manufacture panels in laboratory conditions. Two types of adhesive, namely melamine urea formaldehyde and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde were used as binder for the panels. Treated panels had higher resistance against powder post beetle in laboratory as well as field exposures. Both thickness swelling and internal bond strength values of treated samples satisfied requirements for P4 Type particleboards stated in European Standards (EN 312). It appears that such extractives possess potential to enhance resistance of particleboard against insect damage in tropical countries.

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