Improving carbon product yields in biocarbon production by combining pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion

Solid carbon is an important raw material in industrial processes. Most of the charcoal produced today is via conventional carbonization, which suffers from huge carbon losses due to system inefficiency. Intermediate pyrolysis is principally similar to conventional carbonization and produces biocarbon while capturing the off gasses; among these off gasses is aqueous condensate, which is difficult to utilize due to the high water content and low energy content. This fraction can contain up to 25% of the carbon from feedstock, so utilization of this fraction is important for good overall carbon balance. Anaerobic digestion can be a promising tool for utilizing the carbon in the aqueous condensate by converting it into biomethane. Here, birch and spruce wood were pyrolyzed and the biomethane potential for the aqueous condensates was tested. The mass and carbon balances of the pyrolysis products of birch and spruce at two pyrolysis temperatures were performed, and biocarbon carbon yields ranging from 42% to 54% were obtained. Anaerobic digestion of the aqueous phases collected from the pyrolysis process was performed, with carbon recovery yields between 44% and 59%. A total carbon recovery of 77.8% to 85.7% was obtained, and the primary carbon losses were identified.

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In Situ Hydrogen and Nitrous Oxide as Indicators of Concomitant Fermentation and Denitrification in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02745-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (7) ◽

pp. 1852-1859 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Pia K. Wüst ◽

Marcus A. Horn ◽

Harold L. Drake

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Alimentary Canal ◽

Lumbricus Terrestris ◽

High Water ◽

Total Carbon ◽

High Water Content ◽

Microbial Activities ◽

Mobile Source ◽

In Situ Conditions

ABSTRACT The earthworm gut is a unique microzone in aerated soils that has been proposed to selectively stimulate ingested soil microorganisms by its in situ conditions, which include anoxia, high water content, a near-neutral pH, and high concentrations of organic compounds. The central objective of this study was to resolve potential links between in situ conditions and anaerobic microbial activities during the gut passage of Lumbricus terrestris. Both H2 and N2O were emitted by living earthworms, and in situ microsensor analyses revealed both H2 and N2O in the O2-free gut center. The highest H2 concentrations occurred in foregut and midgut regions, whereas the highest N2O concentrations occurred in crop/gizzard and hindgut regions. Thus, H2-producing fermentations were more localized in the foregut and midgut, whereas denitrification was more localized in the crop/gizzard and hindgut. Moisture content, total carbon, and total nitrogen were highest in the foregut and decreased from the anterior to posterior end of the gut. Nitrite, ammonium, and iron(II) concentrations were highest in the crop/gizzard and decreased from the anterior to posterior end of the alimentary canal. Concentrations of soluble organic compounds were indicative of distinct fermentation processes along the alimentary canal, with maximal concentrations of organic acids (e.g., acetate and butyrate) occurring in the midgut. These findings suggest that earthworms (i) contribute to the terrestrial cycling of carbon and nitrogen via anaerobic microbial activities in the alimentary canal and (ii) constitute a mobile source of reductant (i.e., emitted H2) for microbiota in aerated soils.

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Vertical distribution and abundance of pelagic cnidarians in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s002531540007171x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 341-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

P.R. Pugh ◽

F. Pages ◽

B. Boorman

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Vertical Distribution ◽

Water Content ◽

High Water ◽

Weddell Sea ◽

Total Carbon ◽

High Water Content ◽

Eastern Weddell Sea

The species composition, abundance and vertical distribution of micronektonic cnidarians has been investigated in the upper 2800 m at Discovery Station 9969, located in the cold regime in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In total 22 siphonophore and 20 medusan species were identified. Overall siphonophores were more abundant than medusae, but the latter usually contributed much more to the biovolume. On average, cnidarians contributed more than 50% to the total biovolume of each catch; and they contributed >70% to the combined total of all the samples. Despite the high water content of these animals, these large biovolumes meant that the cnidarians formed ∼25% of the total carbon in each catch. The possible impact of these gelatinous cnidarian populations on the ecosystem is discussed.

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Sugar content, acidity and antioxidant activity in dehydrated blackcurrant

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-183-186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 183-186

Author(s):

D. I. Barbashin

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Osmotic Dehydration ◽

Sugar Content ◽

High Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Water Content ◽

High Antioxidant Activity

The main reason for spoilage of berry raw materials is the high water content in it. And in order to increase the shelf life of such raw materials and products based on it, various dehydration methods are used. Osmotic dehydration, considered in this article, is one of the best and suitable methods for increasing the shelf life of berry products, as well as increasing the biological value of the product. This method is preferred relative to other methods of dehydration due to the fact that when it is used in raw materials, more vitamins and minerals are preserved, and the color, aroma and taste of berries are also better preserved. Osmotic dehydration is a process due to the presence of semi-permeable membranes, during which the concentration is balanced. Osmosis takes place during the immersion of fruits in concentrated solutions of osmotically active substances. In such a system, two opposite processes occur: water diffuses from the product into the solution, and the dissolved substance diffuses from the solution into the product. This article discusses the features of the process of osmotic dehydration of blackcurrant berries. Blackcurrant is a promising raw material for processing enterprises. The berry contains a large amount of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and has a high antioxidant activity. Methods were studied for samples of dried blackcurrant berries (by convection), with preliminary osmotic dehydration with various osmotic agents (sucrose, flower honey), using the following methods: ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were determined titrimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent polyphenols, spectrophotometrically anthocyanins.

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A review on characteristics of food waste and their use in butanol production

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2019-0037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 447-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bodjui Olivier Abo ◽

Ming Gao ◽

Chuanfu Wu ◽

Wenbin Zhu ◽

Qunhui Wang

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Energy Content ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Raw Material ◽

Butanol Production ◽

Carbon Recovery ◽

Attractive Option ◽

Food Processing Waste ◽

Efficient Fermentation ◽

Solid Waste Recycling

Abstract Biobutanol offers several advantages and a larger market, that make it a biofuel to be studied with great interest. In fact, butanol has an energy content similar to that of gasoline, and it can be used as an alternative fuel to gasoline. It is a biofuel that is safe for the environment. The optimization of the production of butanol thus appears as an attractive option. Butanol production from food waste (FW) is a process for carbon recovery and a method for solid waste recycling. Recently, the use of FW and food processing waste (FPW) as raw material for the production of butanol has attracted much interest. However, an efficient fermentation process is vital to improve the production of biobutanol. To the best of our knowledge, no review on butanol production from FW has been presented so far. Thus, this review focuses on the characteristics of FW and its potential to produce butanol. In addition, the main factors that affect their use for the production of butanol are also discussed.

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Forage qualities and productivity of promising pea lines at the Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Research Institute

Кормопроизводство ◽

10.25685/krm.2019.2019.41874 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Е. Кожухова ◽

Л. Байкалова ◽

Л. Плеханова

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Energy Content ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Clay Content ◽

High Water ◽

High Water Content ◽

Typical Chernozem ◽

Soil Medium ◽

Trial Field

Исследования проводились в лесостепной зоне Красноярского края в 2016 2018 годах с целью оценки высокотехнологичных перспективных селекционных образцов гороха посевного по питательной ценности и продуктивности. Почва опытного участка чернозём обыкновенный, тяжелосуглинистый с низким содержанием нитратного азота в пахотном слое (4 6 мг/кг почвы), средней обеспеченностью подвижным фосфором и высокой обменным калием (по Чирикову). Избыточное увлажнение отмечали в 2016 и 2017 годах (ГТК был равен 1,4 и 1,5 соответственно), в 2018 году условия увлажнения были недостаточными (ГТК 1,0). Материалом для исследования служили четыре короткостебельные линии гороха с усатым типом листа, одна из которых с гладкими семенами (Г171) и три с фуникулярными (Д28, Д39 и Д94). Стандарты среднестебельные сорта Радомир (листочковый, гладкосемянный), Аннушка (листочковый, с неосыпающимися семенами) и Яхонт (с усатым типом листа и фуникулярными семенами). Учитывали питательную ценность образцов по содержанию в зерне сырого и переваримого протеина, кормовых, кормопротеиновых единиц и обменной энергии, оценивали их продуктивность по урожайности, сбору кормопротеиновых единиц, сырого и переваримого протеина. Выявлены перспективные по продуктивности и питательности линии гороха посевного Д94 и Д39, что даёт возможность рассматривать их в качестве селекционных источников этих признаков. Существенно различались показатели кормового достоинства гороха, а также элементы его продуктивности в зависимости от погодных условий годов исследований. Максимальное содержание кормовых и кормопротеиновых единиц, сырого и переваримого протеина, обменной энергии было у номера Д39 (1,17 корм. ед./кг и 1,40 КПЕ/кг, 24,35 и 16,31 , 13,2 МДж/кг соответственно), что соответствовало уровню стандартов. Превосходила стандарты Аннушка и Яхонт по урожайности линия Д94, урожайность которой составила 3,66 т/га, по сбору КПЕ линия Г171 (4,98 тыс./га). Лучшими по сбору сырого и переваримого протеина были линии Д94 и Д39. The experiment took place in the foreststeppe of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2016 2018. The aim was to evaluate nutritional value and productivity of promising field pea genotypes for breeding. Soil of the trial field typical chernozem with high clay content, low nitrate nitrogen concentration (4 6 mg/kg of soil), medium amount of soluble phosphorus and high amount of exchange potassium (according to Chirikov). High water content was observed in 2016 and 2017 (hydrothermal coefficients of 1.4 and 1.5, respectively). In 2018 moisture content was insufficient (hydrothermal coefficients of 1.0). Four shortstem leafless pea lines performed as objects of study. One line had round seeds (G171), three others the shatterresistant ones (D28, D39 and D94). Standard mediumstem varieties tendrilless Radomir with round seeds, tendrilless shatterresistant Annushka and leafless shatterresistant Yakhont. Nutritional value was determined by grain exchange energy content, crude and digestible proteins, feed and feedprotein units. Line productivity by grain yield, feedprotein units, crude and digestible proteins. Weather significantly affected pea characteristics. Lines D94 and D39 performed the best and can be used as trait donors in breeding programs. D39 forage quality and productivity were similar to standard varieties. D94 exceeded Annushka and Yakhont in productivity, G171 in feedprotein units.

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Pengaruh Ketebalan Bahan Dan Jumlah Desikan Terhadap Laju Pengeringan Jahe (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Pada Pengering Kombinasi Surya dan Desikan

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v8i2.1882 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 61-66

Author(s):

Rosdanelli Hasibuan ◽

Muhammad Alfikri Ridhatullah

Keyword(s):

Zingiber Officinale ◽

High Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

High Water Content ◽

Drying Process ◽

Data Logger ◽

Industrial Medicine ◽

Zingiber Officinale Roscoe

Ginger is a spice plant that is usually used as a seasoning in cooking or raw material for medicine, traditional or industrial medicine. Ginger has a high-water content so its easily contaminated with microbes and has active ingredients (gingerol) which are easily damaged by high temperatures. Ginger drying is intended for maintaining the quality of dry ginger and keep ginger from microbes. The drying process has done in continuously with solar dryer using flat plate type collector during the day and at night using the Molecular Sieve 13x desiccant. Drying varies the thickness of ginger 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm, and the amount ratio of desiccant: 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3. To get drying characteristics, every 1-hour mass calculated using an electric scale, and data logger every 5 minutes calculates the temperature and humidity rate (RH) in the drying chamber. The result from ginger drying is the thickness of 6 mm needed more than 20 hours of drying process so that it needed the combination of dryer compared to other thickness, and from quality analysis results of dry ginger, ash content parameters already accordance with SNI standards, and 1:1 material and desiccant ratio is the variation that most closely matches the SNI standard.

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COMPOSIÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA, QUALIDADE FÍSICA E SENSORIAL DE CHIPS DE MANDIOQUINHA-SALSA

Ingeniería e innovación ◽

10.21897/23460466.774 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Joao Borges ◽

Claudia De Paula ◽

Monica Pirozi

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Age Groups ◽

High Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Water Content ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Native Culture ◽

Frying Process ◽

Solids Content ◽

Physical And Chemical

The arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft.) is a native culture of the Andean mountain ranges, the main types of processing the production of dehydrated mashed, flakes, flour, starch, pre-cooked, among others. The term chips is originally American and refers to thin slices of potato fried in oil or fat may be added various flavors late in the process. The aim of this work was to determine the physical and chemical composition, physical and sensory quality of fried chips of arracacha. The results showed that the root in nature has a high water content (73.51%), which together with microbiological and physical injuries, contributing to the reduction of its shelf life. However its solids content (26.4%) favored the production of fried chips, no significant changes were observed in the color parameters L * a * b * of ready compared to the raw material in nature, indicating minimal changes resulting from frying process. Although the fried chips has presented firmer texture when compared to the same product from raw materials similar in the scientific literature, this result did not influence the uptake by consumers whose scores for flavor, appearance, flavor and texture ranged 7-8, concerning hedonic terms "like moderately" and "liked" both to consumers male and female in age groups studied (10-50 years). The processing of root arracacha to obtain fried chips was promising for commercialization by their acceptance and purchase intent.

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Features of spring feeding of sterlet of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river

Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries) ◽

10.33920/sel-09-2007-01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 8-17

Author(s):

A. Bykov ◽

D. Palatov ◽

I. Studenov ◽

D. Chupov

Keyword(s):

Benthic Communities ◽

High Water ◽

Food Composition ◽

Fish Growth ◽

High Water Content ◽

Feeding Intensity ◽

Biting Midges ◽

Size Groups ◽

Main Components ◽

A Minor

The article provides information about the features of spring feeding of sterlet in the spawning grounds of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river in may 2019. The main and secondary groups of forage objects in the diet of this species of sturgeon are characterized. The article considers the variability of the sterlet food composition with an increase in the size of fish from 30 to 60 cm. In the process of fish growth in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet, the main components in terms of occurrence and mass in all size groups are the larvae of Brooks and chironomids. A minor occurrence was the larvae of midges, biting midges, stoneflies, mayflies and small clams. To random and seasonal food are the larvae of water bugs, butterflies, flies, beetles and eggs of other fish. The feeding intensity of the smaller sterlet (30–40 cm) was significantly higher than that of the fish in the size groups 40–50 and 50–60 cm. Fundamental changes in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet for the main food objects for more than sixty years of observations have not been established. During periods of high water content of the Northern Dvina due to seasonal changes in the structure of benthic communities, the value of Brooks in the diet of sterlet increases and the proportion of chironomids decreases.

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Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612824666180213122953 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 843-854 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Weiguo Xu ◽

Shujun Dong ◽

Yuping Han ◽

Shuqiang Li ◽

Yang Liu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Water Content ◽

Oxygen Permeability ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

High Water ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

High Water Content ◽

Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

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