scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF TAXES ON THE CONSUMPTION TO INCOME RATIO

Ekonomika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Algirdas Bartkus
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

This article, in the statistical analysis of possible cointegration relationships among the variables from the expenditure approach to the GDP formula, explains how taxes affect the consumption to income ratio. A causal relationship that defines investment as the leading factor in GDP formation was rearranged and applied for the study of taxation effects under various income levels. The technique that was used for the estimation of taxation effects was based on the deterministic part of causal relationship, though the results must be interpreted very carefully. This analysis demonstrates that, when taken to the extreme, higher taxes have a huge negative effect on consumption and a very small effect on savings; in addition, these effects depend on the level of income. The higher the incomes are, the more deteriorating the effects of taxes on consumption can be observed; therefore, an economy cannot afford a high level of taxes, even when the income level is also high. As taxes have negative effects on consumption and, with lesser extent, on savings, tax-based fiscal consolidation has to be avoided at any cost, and governments should rely on tax-based fiscal consolidation only if no other option is available.

scholarly journals Namibia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (374) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fiscal Adjustment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Combined Strategy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Imf

This Selected Issues paper assesses the impact of alternative fiscal consolidation strategies on Namibia’s growth. It uses a model developed at the IMF to gain insights on what would be a growth-friendly composition of the fiscal adjustment. The analysis suggests that a combined strategy of revenue and expenditure measures has lower negative effects on growth than a pure expenditure-based adjustment. Structural reforms improving the efficiency of public investment can further reduce the negative effect of consolidation on growth, and potentially strengthen growth. Overall, minimizing the negative impact of fiscal consolidation on growth requires combining revenue and expenditure measures, together with fiscal structural reforms.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TANDA TERIMA KASIH DAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN APARATUR TERHADAP GRATIFIKASI

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulius Yulius
Keyword(s):  
Income Level ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Impact

The Governments in carrying out its function, is constrained by gratification practices that conducted with the apparatus, this research aims to discover the influence of people's habits in their gratitude to the gratification; The impact of apparatus’ income level to the gratification;the impact of community habits that show their gratitude and the income levels of the apparatus collectively to the gratification. This research instrument used the questionnaires which distributed to the apparatus, with the conclusion: Community's habits that represent their gratitude for gratification; the income level of the apparatus impact the gratification; the community's habits that represent their gratitude and the apparatus’ income level as together affecting the gratification, even contributing 40.4% of the gratification.Keywords: habit; income; gratification

Characterizing response quantity on academic social Q&A sites: a multidiscipline comparison of linguistic characteristics of questions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Anrunze Li ◽  
Xue Song ◽  
Xinran Li ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Disciplines ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Academic Communication ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeAs academic social Q&A networking websites become more popular, scholars are increasingly using them to meet their information needs by asking academic questions. However, compared with other types of social media, scholars are less active on these sites, resulting in a lower response quantity for some questions. This paper explores the factors that help explain how to ask questions that generate more responses and examines the impact of different disciplines on response quantity.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines 1,968 questions in five disciplines on the academic social Q&A platform ResearchGate Q&A and explores how the linguistic characteristics of these questions affect the number of responses. It uses a range of methods to statistically analyze the relationship between these linguistic characteristics and the number of responses, and conducts comparisons between disciplines.FindingsThe findings indicate that some linguistic characteristics, such as sadness, positive emotion and second-person pronouns, have a positive effect on response quantity; conversely, a high level of function words and first-person pronouns has a negative effect. However, the impacts of these linguistic characteristics vary across disciplines.Originality/valueThis study provides support for academic social Q&A platforms to assist scholars in asking richer questions that are likely to generate more answers across disciplines, thereby promoting improved academic communication among scholars.

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on IT Sector. The Case of Greece

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the Information and Technology (IT) sector on the countries’ innovation development has been recognized as crucial in prior and recent research studies. Moreover, firms’ innovativeness affects positively countries’ economies. Nevertheless, the global economic crisis of the last decade constituted a significant barrier to the development of country economies and had a negative effect on firms’ performance. Specifically, the negative consequences of the global crisis became harder for Southern Europe Countries. More specifically the Greek economy was suffered by an extended period of crisis with harder consequences than those of other European countries. The main purpose of this study was to examine the financial performance of Greek IT firms in the early years of crisis. Our findings have been relevant to those of previous studies which observed negative effects of the financial recession on firms profitability.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pesticides on the Microbiome of Animals

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Y. Syromyatnikov ◽  
Mariya M. Isuwa ◽  
Olga V. Savinkova ◽  
Mariya I. Derevshchikova ◽  
Vasily N. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacterial Biodiversity ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Of Pesticides

In recent decades an increase in the use of pesticides to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds has been observed. There are many studies on the effects of various pesticides on non-target organisms. This review aims to analyze and summarize published scientific data on the effects of pesticides on the animal microbiome. Pesticides can affect various parameters of the animal microbiome, such as the taxonomic composition of bacteria, bacterial biodiversity, and bacterial ratios and modify the microbiome of various organisms from insects to mammals. Pesticide induced changes in the microbiome reducing the animal’s immunity. The negative effects of pesticides could pose a global problem for pollinators. Another possible negative effect of pesticides is the impact of pesticides on the intestinal microbiota of bumblebees and bees that increase the body’s sensitivity to pathogenic microflora, which leads to the death of insects. In addition, pesticides can affect vitality, mating success and characteristics of offspring. The review considers methods for correcting of bee microbiome.

scholarly journals Impact of financial development on agricultural productivity in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakaria ◽  
Wen Jun ◽  
Marium Farrukh Khan
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines the impact of financial development on agricultural productivity in South Asia using data for the period 1973–2015. The other variables included are physical capital, human capital, trade openness and income level. It is found that all variables have cross-section dependence and they are stationary at first differences. It is found that long-run cointegration holds among variables. The estimated results show that financial development has an inverted U-shaped effect on agricultural productivity, which implies that agricultural productivity first increases with the increase in financial development and then it declines when financial development further increases. Agricultural productivity increases with the increase in both physical and human capitals. Agricultural productivity also improves with trade openness and income level. The results of the robustness analysis show that terms of trade has a negative effect on agricultural productivity. Further, industrialisation has positive while carbon emission and rural labour force have negative effects on agricultural productivity in the region.<br />

scholarly journals Optimizing the seismic effects of blasting in quarries by timing

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
Ján Baulovič ◽  
Blažej Pandula ◽  
Julián Kondela ◽  
Marta Prekopová
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Seismic Effects ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Blasting Operation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Recently, negative effects of the blasting operations and quantification of the seismic safety are regarded as very important technical problem in quarries. The impact of blasting operations is accompanied by both positive and negative seismic effects. For example, vibrations generated by explosion create very positive effect − when help to break the rocks, but, on the other hand, also result in negative effect − when affect constructions and natural environment in the vicinity of a blasting works site. If the vibrations are large enough, then the nearby objects could be damaged or destroyed. This article highlights the results of the blasting operation monitoring in limestone Lopušné Pažite quarry on Slovakia, which based on the rule that the negative effects depend on their range and strength. This method is applied in all quarries in Slovakia, which are close to settlements.

scholarly journals Impact of Protein Diet Supplements on Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Mohammad Athar
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Diet Supplements ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Day By Day

Protein supplements are one of the most commonly consumed nutritional supplements, whether by professional athletes or amateurs, even by those who use them for aesthetic purposes instead of sporting ones. The thirst for becoming better is increasing day by day and so is the quest for competition. Sports have been one of the greatest of platforms to showcase one’s talent, thus leading to constant hustle for getting better day by day. To improve the performance, diet and physical appearance of the body i.e. muscle growth of athletes, sports nutrient products are developed. The use of these protein supplements in diet has increased the physiological requirement of protein but whether the use of these supplements is having positive or negative effect on the host is still a topic of debate for many. Large amount of protein derived constituents end up in the large intestine in case of high protein diets as compared to medium or low protein diets, leading to more bacterial amino acid metabolism in colon having positive as well as negative effects on the host. We, here, will try to summarize the impact of protein diet supplements on athletes.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement-A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Hammerstein ◽  
Christoph König ◽  
Thomas Dreisörner ◽  
Andreas Frey
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Future School

The COVID-19 pandemic led to numerous governments deciding to close schools for several weeks in spring 2020. Empirical evidence on the impact of COVID-19-related school closures on academic achievement is only just emerging. The present work aimed to provide a first systematic overview of evidence-based studies on general and differential effects of COVID-19-related school closures in spring 2020 on student achievement in primary and secondary education. Results indicate a negative effect of school closures on student achievement, specifically in younger students and students from families with low socioeconomic status. Moreover, certain measures can be identified that might mitigate these negative effects. The findings are discussed in the context of their possible consequences for national educational policies when facing future school closures.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Hammerstein ◽  
Christoph König ◽  
Thomas Dreisoerner ◽  
Andreas Frey
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Future School

The COVID-19 pandemic led to numerous governments deciding to close schools for several weeks in spring 2020. Empirical evidence on the impact of COVID-19-related school closures on academic achievement is only just emerging in the literature. The present work aimed to provide a first systematic overview of evidence-based studies on general and differential effects of COVID-19-related school closures in spring 2020 on student achievement in K–12. The findings indicate a considerably negative effect of school closures on student achievement specifically in younger students and students from families with low socioeconomic status. At the same time, certain measures can be identified that might mitigate these negative effects. The findings are discussed in the context of their possible consequences for future national educational policies when facing future school closures.

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