scholarly journals „ETIKA“, „MORALĖ“ IR AUGUSTINO LIBERUM ARBITRIUM

Problemos ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Kerem Eksen
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Alasdair Macintyre ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
History Of Ethics ◽  
Right Action ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Straipsnyje analizuojama A. MacIntyre’o ir B. Williamso pasiūlyta terminologinė „etikos“ ir „moralės“ skirtis. Ši skirtis kol kas netapo etikos diskurso standartu, tačiau ji neabejotinai paskatino vaisingus filosofų debatus svarstant šiuolaikinius moralės filosofijos klausimus, interpretuojant etikos istoriją. Julia Annas, viena ryškesnių šių debatų dalyvių, pateikė išsamią skirties kritiką. Straipsnyje kritiškai analizuojama Annas argumentacija, ji vertinama aptariant vieną idėjų istorijos momentą – Augustino Liberum Arbitrium – ir siekiama naujai pažvelgti į minėtą skirtį ir jos reikšmę etinio diskurso istorijoje. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad Augustino Liberum Arbitrium reikšmė etikos istorijoje sietina su perėjimu nuo graikiškosios etikos prie perspektyvos, siejamos su moralės terminu. Parodoma, kaip Augustinas, originaliai vartodamas valios (voluntas) sąvoką, perorganizavo etikos lauką, naujoviškai apibrėžė laimės (beatitudo) ir teisingo veiksmo sąryšį. Taip demonstruojama, kad etikos ir moralės skirtis iš esmės grindžia dvi etikos diskurso paradigmas ir yra labai vaisinga, padedanti suprasti etikos lauko transformaciją į tuos pavidalus, kuriais klausimus apie apie žmogaus veiksmus kelia vėlesnės kartos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: etika, moralė, Augustinas, valia, eudaimonia, teisingas veiksmas.“Ethics”, “Morality” and Augustinean Liberum ArbitriumKerem Eksen SummaryThe present paper aims at a reconsideration of the terminological distinction – postulated by eminent contemporary thinkers such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Bernard Williams – between “ethics” and “morality”. Although this distinction has not been settled as a standard*, there is no doubt that it incited fruitful debates relating to the contemporary issues of moral philosophy as well as the history of ethics. Julia Annas, to take one considerable example, presented a full-fledged criticism of the distinction and touched upon crucial questions**. In the following pages, we shall take the general argument of Annas as our starting-point, and reevaluate it with reference to a particular moment in the history of ideas, in order to shed light on the proposed distinction. To this end, we shall focus on the philosophy of Augustine, more precisely on his De Libero Arbitrio (On Free Choice), with the aim of comprehending the novelty of his contribution to the history of ethics. We shall show how Augustine, through his original usage of the concept of voluntas (will), reorganized the sphere of ethics and redefined the relationship between happiness (beatitudo) and right action. We will thereby illustrate that the ethics / morality distinction is highly illuminating for getting the real sense of this process of redefinition and reorganization, as well as the broader transformation that it triggered in the way human action will be problematized by later generations.Keywords: ethics, morality, Augustine, will, eudaimonia, right action.

scholarly journals Pictorial meaning, language, tradition: notes on image semantic analyses by Kristóf Nyíri

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Szécsi
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Iconic Language ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe iconic revolution changing the routine of everyday communication is gradually leading to the creation of a linguistic structure that combines visual and verbal tools in both formal and semantic aspects. Computer and mobile applications today enable high-tech imaging that ensures the spread of iconic communication in mundane interactions and the possibility of a creative combination of verbal and iconic codes for language users who navigate in a world of images in an increasingly confident manner. The iconic revolution that accompanies this expansion of new communication technologies thus leads to serious changes in language use, thereby enhancing the transmission of verbal and iconic language to become a key element of mundane communication. This article argues that this turn in communication technology guided the attention of Kristóf Nyíri, an eminent figure in contemporary Hungarian philosophy, to the problem of the relationship between icon, language, and tradition. The aim of the present essay is twofold: to shed light on the relevance of Nyíri’s analysis and thoughts on the relationship between tradition and language in the history of communication, and to identify, using Nyíri’s model of pictorial meaning as a starting point, the relevant aspects of the conception of technological determinism in answering questions from the philosophy of language and mind.

Revisiting the ‘Darwin–Marx correspondence’: Multiple discovery and the rhetoric of priority

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110192
Author(s):  
Joel Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Research Infrastructures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Between the 1930s and the mid 1970s, it was commonly believed that in 1880 Karl Marx had proposed to dedicate to Charles Darwin a volume or translation of Capital but that Darwin had refused. The detail was often interpreted by scholars as having larger significance for the question of the relationship between Darwinian evolutionary biology and Marxist political economy. In 1973–4, two scholars working independently—Lewis Feuer, professor of sociology at Toronto, and Margaret Fay, a graduate student at Berkeley—determined simultaneously that the traditional story of the proposed dedication was untrue, being based on a long-standing misinterpretation of the relevant correspondence. Between the two, and among several other scholars who became their respective allies, there developed a contest of authority and priority over the discovery. From 1975 to 1982, the controversy generated a considerable volume of spilled ink in both scholarly and popular publications. Drawing on previously unexamined archival resources, this article revisits the ‘case’ of the so-called ‘Darwin–Marx correspondence’ as an instance of the phenomenon of ‘multiple discovery’. A familiar occurrence in the natural sciences, multiple discovery is rarer in the humanities and social sciences. The present case of a priority dispute in the history of ideas followed patterns familiar from such disputes in the natural sciences, while also diverging from them in ways that shed light on the significance of disciplinary norms and research infrastructures.

“God is dreaming you”

Janus Head ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-467
Author(s):  
Costica Bradatan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Condition ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
The Self ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Miguel De Cervantes ◽  
Don Quijote ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
The Relationship

The starting point of my essay is a paradoxical claim that the Spanish philosopher, poet and novelist Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) makes—in his essay “Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho” (1905)—that Don Quixote, Cervantes’ character, is more real and authentic than Miguel de Cervantes himself. Then, after discussing this claim and analyzing the implications of an ingenious literary device that Unamuno employed in his fiction “Niebla” (1914), I will sketch some of the possible philosophical consequences that Unamuno’s literary concepts might have on understanding the ultimate identity of the self, and of the nature of human condition in general. The paper is in three parts: 1) the first part is dedicated to discussing the above mentioned paradoxical claim in “Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho”; 2) the second part deals mainly with Chapter XXXI of Unamuno’s “Niebla”; and 3) in the final part I will deal with Unamuno’s insight that the relationship between the self and God is, properly speaking, of the same nature as the relationship between a literary author and the fictional beings he creates. In addition, I will be trying to place Unamuno’s insight within a broader context of history of ideas, and to point to some of its far-reaching philosophical implications.

Presbyterians and Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 525-537
Author(s):  
Mark Douglas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Awakening ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Second Great Awakening ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Ethics ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

The history of ethics in the Presbyterian Church has been shaped by the theological commitments of Reformed theology, the church’s ecumenical and interreligious encounters, its interactions with the wider cultures in which it functions, and its global scope. Consequently, Presbyterian ethics have become increasingly diverse, culturally diffused, ecumenically directed, and frequently divisive. That said, its history can helpfully be divided into three lengthy periods. In the first (roughly from the church’s origins in 1559 to the Second Great Awakening in the early nineteenth century), theology, ethics, and politics are so interwound that distinguishing one from the others is difficult. In the second (roughly from the Second Great Awakening to the end of World War II), moral concerns emerge as forces that drive the church’s theology and polity. And in the third (for which proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 might be a heuristically helpful starting point), ethics increasingly functions in ways that are only loosely tethered to either Reformed theology or polity. The strength of the church’s social witness, the consistency of its global engagements, and the failings of its internecine strife are all evident during its five-hundred-year history.

scholarly journals Violence in social memory intimate beliefs regarding operation storm in the Croatian and Serbian publics

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Gordana Djeric
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silence Suppression ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Manipulation Strategy

This text is part of a research conducted under the working title "What do we talk about when we are silent and what are we silent about when we are talking? - premises for the anthropology of silence about the nearest past." In the first part the author investigates the meaning of silence in the Croatian and Serbian press right before and during Croatia's Operation Storm. The ratio between silence, suppression of information and forgetting, on the one hand, and social memory, on the other, has been elaborated in the final part of the text by following reports about the anniversaries of Operation Storm in both Croatian and Serbian publics. The starting point lies in the belief that the phenomenon of silence (and suppression of information), being an immanent part of each discourse, represents an important factor in the creation of social relationships and system of value models, that it has important communication and cognitive functions and that the performance character lies in its essence. In short, silence makes it possible to form the prevailing image about this event, even if it does not construct it indirectly - through speech. The author has elaborated on the meaning of silence in the context of Operation Storm partly because studies about the breakup of Yugoslavia frequently mention silence as a manipulation strategy employed by some of the sides in the conflict (or analysts dealing with Yugoslav topics), while not a single study systematically investigates the semantic of silence and suppression of information in these conflicts. Most importantly, taking into account the frequency of direct silence in the newspaper discourse and rhetoric strategies that point at silence indirectly from the context and discourse, the author focuses on the relationship between the event (situation) and silence. In order to shed light on the way in which Operation Storm is remembered, i.e. forgotten, in the stakeholders' publics and political imageries, she follows the dailies - Vecernje Novosti Politika, Danas (Belgrade) - Vecernji List, Jutarnji List, Magazin supplement of the Jutarnji List (Zagreb), as well as texts about Operation Storm in weeklies such as the NIN and Vreme of Belgrade or Globus of Zagreb in the period between August 2, 1995 and mid-August 2006.

scholarly journals Explanation and Understanding as Methods of Historical and Biographical Cognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Mykola Bakaiev
Keyword(s):  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Rational Explanation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Understanding Function

Traditionally, explanation is considered to be the method of natural sciences and understanding to be the method of humanities. However, this paper considers both to be methods of history. Namely, the author focuses on how explanation and understanding function in history in general and in biography in particular. Referring to biographical realm helps explicate the specifics of explanation and understanding as well as broaden the view about their uses in humanities. In the first part, the author refers to explanation and understanding in history as such. In particular, causal explanation (explanatory sketch by Karl Hempel) and rational explanation (history of ideas by Mark Bevir) are considered in the paper along with the relationship of hermeneutic notion of understanding with the two. The second part of the paper deals with the functioning of explanation and understanding in biographical research. Namely, it considers biographical understanding by Tilmann Habermas and Neşe Hatiboğlu as well as cases of causal and rational explanations in biographical research. In particular, it is shown that while causal explanation occurs in biography as explanatory sketch, it is not a separate distinct notion. It is also shown that rational explanation is used in biographical reconstructions in order to clarify the influence of particular events on beliefs of people. Based on the materials involved, the author demonstrates the specifics of explanation and understanding in biography compared to their usage in historical cognition in general.

scholarly journals Vasyl Domanytskyi’s Participation in Work of “Vik” Publishing House

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Bohdan Tsymbal
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Terminus Post Quem ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Printed Sources

The paper explores the initial activity of Kyiv publishing house “Vik” and Vasyl Domanytsky’s participation in its work. The history of the publishing house has not been properly studied yet. The vast majority of sources used by the scholars contain many inconsistencies, and the existing research works don’t pay attention to the causes of the differences, but rather exacerbate the problem due to uncritical attitude to the sources. The author, therefore, focuses on three issues: 1) the time when the publishing house was founded; 2) its employees; 3) Domanytskyi’s participation in its work. Researchers date the origins of the publishing house differently, within a wide period of 1894–1897. Most of them rely on a limited range of printed sources that may contain some mistakes. Based on the crossed analysis of the ‘main’ (popular) sources with the involvement of those less popular among specialists, the author identified the causes of differences in the works of the scholars and made an attempt to explain the causes of such inaccuracies. The new archival materials not only confirmed the results of studying the printed sources but also helped to establish the earliest documented date directly related to the work of the publishing house. This date may be reasonably taken as a starting point of its history. Studying the archival documents of the censorship department allows making some assumptions about the staff of the publishing house, which although remains insufficiently studied. The list of personalities is still limited to the five most famous members of the publishing circle. The findings also help to clarify the terminus post quem of Vasyl Domanytskyi’s involvement in the work of the publishing house. The results obtained are important not only for the further study of the history of Ukrainian book printing but also for highlighting the relationship of publishers with the censorship in the Russian Empire and the work of the Kyiv “Moloda Hromada” circle. The paper explores the initial activity of Kyiv publishing house “Vik” and Vasyl Domanytsky’s participation in its work. The history of the publishing house has not been properly studied yet. The vast majority of sources used by the scholars contain many inconsistencies, and the existing research works don’t pay attention to the causes of the differences, but rather exacerbate the problem due to uncritical attitude to the sources. The author, therefore, focuses on three issues: 1) the time when the publishing house was founded; 2) its employees; 3) Domanytskyi’s participation in its work. Researchers date the origins of the publishing house differently, within a wide period of 1894–1897. Most of them rely on a limited range of printed sources that may contain some mistakes. Based on the crossed analysis of the ‘main’ (popular) sources with the involvement of those less popular among specialists, the author identified the causes of differences in the works of the scholars and made an attempt to explain the causes of such inaccuracies. The new archival materials not only confirmed the results of studying the printed sources but also helped to establish the earliest documented date directly related to the work of the publishing house. This date may be reasonably taken as a starting point of its history. Studying the archival documents of the censorship department allows making some assumptions about the staff of the publishing house, which although remains insufficiently studied. The list of personalities is still limited to the five most famous members of the publishing circle. The findings also help to clarify the terminus post quem of Vasyl Domanytskyi’s involvement in the work of the publishing house. The results obtained are important not only for the further study of the history of Ukrainian book printing but also for highlighting the relationship of publishers with the censorship in the Russian Empire and the work of the Kyiv “Moloda Hromada” circle.

scholarly journals PODE-SE FAZER UM RELATO PLAUSÍVEL DA HISTÓRIA DA ÉTICA? UMA ALTERNATIVA A AFTER VIRTUE DE MACINTYRE

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (125) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Vittorio Hösle
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Alasdair Macintyre ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
History Of Ethics ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Value Of Nature

O artigo apresenta uma filosofia da história da Ética que é uma alternativa ao famoso relato de Alasdair MacIntyre em After Virtue. Ainda que a querela entre visões moralistas e imoralistas ocorra diversas vezes na história da filosofia, desde os sofistas até Nietzsche, há também um lento progresso em direção ao universalismo, como foi articulado na sua forma mais elaborada por Kant. Abelardo e Tomás de Aquino são interpretados como as figuras intermediárias mais importantes entre Aristóteles e Kant, mas já o Estoicismo prepara ideias básicas kantianas. O principal desafio da Ética em nosso tempo é a expansão do universalismo para uma teoria da justiça intergeneracional e para um explicação do valor da natureza.Abstract: The essay presents a philosophy of the history of ethics that is an alternative to Alasdair MacIntyre’s famous account in After Virtue. While the quarrel between moralist and immoralist views occurs several times in the history of philosophy, from the sophists to Nietzsche, there is also a slow progress toward universalism, as it was articulated in its most elaborate form by Kant. Abelard and Aquinas are interpreted as the most important intermediate figure between Aristotle and Kant, but already Stoicism prepares basic Kantian ideas. The main challenge of the ethics of our time is the expansion of universalism to a theory of intergenerational justice and an account of the value of nature.

Crafts Traders versus the State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dillon Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter traces the development of Kenya’s tourism and handicraft industries from their roots in 20th century British colonialism to provide some of the broader history of Kenya’s tourism and co-operative development, their emergence in Mombasa, and their relationships with local governments. I draw on archival as well as ethnographic data collected just before the 2002 demolition of Mombasa’s roadside kiosks, which form the starting point for the larger longitudinal study. I focus on the array of experiences of Mombasa’s roadside traders of diverse backgrounds as they struggle with the privatization and segregation of urban residential and commercial space both before and after the demolitions. The economy was radically altered as the roadsides were “cleaned” and a new wave of economic formalization characterized the relationship between small-scale businesspeople and the state. For many entrepreneurs invested in the global crafts trade, this was the final straw that pushed them toward new technologies, jumping scales into global markets, and investing in export and wholesale businesses that were not spatially dependent upon a connection to the city center.

‘Abd al-Qādir al-Marāghī and ‘Alī b. Muḥammad Binā'ī: two fifteenth-century examples of notation Part 2: Commentary

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
O. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Musical Practice ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
History Of Composition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Part 1 of this paper was concerned principally with the various problems that confront any attempt to provide a satisfactory transcription of these two examples. Given the nature of the difficulties encountered, it is clear that any generalizations we might wish to derive from them can only be tentative and provisional. Nevertheless, the paucity of comparable material, which on the one hand renders the interpretative hurdles all the more difficult to surmount, on the other makes the urge to draw at least some conclusions from the material provided by ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Marāghī and Binā'ī well-nigh irresistible. Such conclusions would involve, essentially, an assessment of the extent to which their notations shed light on the musical practice of the period and provide reliable evidence for the history of composition and styles of textsetting. But in any evaluation of this nature it is essential to avoid the temptation to confuse the sources with the speculative editorial interventions that produce the versions presented in part 1 (exs. 26–8 and 30). The area about which least can be said with regard to the naqsh notated by Binā'ī is, therefore, the nature of the text-setting, while with regard to ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Marāghī's notations it is, rather, the first topic we may consider, the relationship between melody and the underlying articulation of the rhythmic cycle.

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