FUNCTION OF ADRENAL CORTEX IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN T. LANMAN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Surface Area Basis

Urinary formaldehydogenic steroid excretions were measured in eight premature infants without recognized disease for varying periods up to 2 months of age. A balance study for Na, K and N was carried out in one infant. Urinary formaldehydogenic steroid excretion did not change measurably during the first 10 days of life, and was not significantly different from adult normal values when compared on a surface area basis. Calculations from the data of other investigators indicate that infant values are from 1 to 5 times those of adults when compared by surface area. Urinary formaldehydogenic steroid excretions rose significantly with age when the entire period of study for all infants was included. This rise occurred during the period of fetal cortical involution and is evidence that the fetal zone is not an important source of formaldehydogenic steroids. The nitrogen and electrolyte balance study revealed a loss of K in the first 2 days of life which was disproportionately greater than the loss of N during the postnatal fasting period. The formaldehydogenic steroid excretion did not change measurably at this time, so that the study does not support the concept of changed adrenal function as a cause for this K/N disproportion. The electrolyte-regulating hormones can, however, vary independently of other adrenal functions. Acute inanition in the neonatal period of fasting is suggested as a possible cause for the disproportion.

Limitations of Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Rome ◽  
Eileen K. Stork ◽  
Waldemar A. Carlo ◽  
Richard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Pco2 Monitoring ◽  
Arterial Po2 ◽  
Transcutaneous Po2

Despite the well-documented correlation between transcutaneous and arterial Po2 and Pco2 in sick neonates, the effect of maturation on this relationship has not been well characterized. Eight premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and indwelling arterial lines beyond the immediate neonatal period were studied. Transcutaneous Po2 always underestimated Pao2 beyond 10 weeks of postnatal life, such that transcutaneous Po2 - Pao2 was -16 ± 5 torr (P < .001). Corrected transcutaneous Pco2 simultaneously overestimated PaCo2 by 9 ± 3 torr (P < .001), although this occurred over a wider range of postnatal ages. Transcutaneous Po2 monitoring may be a useful tool for estimating Pao2 in this population, provided an appropriate correction is made beyond 10 weeks of age. It is suggested that caution be exercised when using transcutaneous Pco2 measurements to estimate absolute arterial values in older infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

ANALYSIS OF FETAL AND NEONATAL DEATHS IN 4117 CONSECUTIVE BIRTHS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
HERBERT C. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Postmortem Examinations

An analysis of the significant causes of death in 4117 consecutive births was made; there were 66 fetal deaths and 85 neonatal deaths. A significant cause of death was determined in 51 fetuses and 56 live-born infants. Eighty-five per cent of the live-born infants who weighed over 1000 gm. at birth and had postmortem examinations had causes of death which were considered to be significant. Almost half of the live-born premature infants with birth weights between 1000 and 2500 gm. were considered to have had more than one significant cause of death. The so-called significant causes of death among live-born infants differed from those determined for fetuses dying before birth. Among the former, pathologic conditions in the infants were determined four times more frequently than in those dying before birth and, in the latter, maternal complications of pregnancy and labor were diagnosed as significant causes of death five times more frequently than in infants dying in the neonatal period. Hyaline-like material in the lung was considered to be the most frequent significant cause of death in live-born premature infants; congenital malformation and anoxia resulting from complications of labor were the most frequently determined significant causes of death in live-born full term infants. No differences were found in the significant causes of death in premature and full term fetuses. Anoxia resulting from accidental and unexpected interruption of the blood flow in the placenta and umbilical cord and from dystocia was the most frequently determined significant cause of death in both groups. A plea has been made for the adoption by obstetricians, pathologists and pediatricians of a formal uniform plan of classifying the causes of fetal and neonatal death which would divest current efforts to determine the cause of death of as much vague terminology and arbitrary opinion as possible.

scholarly journals Characteristic features of functional status of lymphocytes in premature newborns

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
I. V. Maiden ◽  
E. M. Spivak
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Small Lymphocyte ◽  
Premature Newborns ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Prematurely Born Infants

Aim. To characterize the functional properties of peripheral blood lymphocytes in association with peculiarities of the period of neonatal adaptation of premature newborns. Materials and methods. Sixty-one conditionally healthy premature infants with gestation period of 28-37 weeks and their mothers as well as 12 full-term newborns were examined. The functional status of small lymphocytes was assessed by the activity of chromatin of their nuclei. For this purpose, there were used cytochemical and fluorometric methods with acridine orange staining of the smears obtained from leukocytic suspension that was followed by measuring intensity of luminescence in the light wave diapason of 530-580 nm. The study was implemented thrice on the days 6th, 16th, and 26th of infants life. Results. During the neonatal period, premature infants demonstrated the growth of the absolute and relative number of lymphocytes. The mentioned indices have an inverse dependence on the period of gestation. Activity of chromatin of small lymphocyte nuclei in newborns is significantly higher than in adults. Its maximum values are registered in prematurely born infants. Newborn small lymphocytes are characterized by marked functional heterogeneity. Unfavorable course of neonatal period in these patients is accompanied by lower values of the absolute number of lymphocytes and activity of their nuclei chromatin. Conclusions. The index of activity of small lymphocyte nuclei chromatin can be used to predict the course of neonatal period in prematurely born infants.

MAXIMUM BREATHING CAPACITY AND VITAL CAPACITY OF MALE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-670
Author(s):  
B. G. FERRIS ◽  
J. L. WHITTENBERGER ◽  
J. R. GALLAGHER
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Single Attribute ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Individual

Expected mean values and a range of normal values (plus or minus two standard deviations) are presented for the vital capacity and the maximum breathing capacity of male children and adolescents. It is recommended that calculations of the above values be based upon four attributes (age, height, weight, and body surface area) rather than upon a prediction deriving from a single attribute (especially in the individual who does not have a standard height and weight for his age).

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE OF THE LIVER

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-645
Author(s):  
JEROME L. SCHULMAN ◽  
PHOEBE SATUREN
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glycogen Storage Disease ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Early Neonatal Period ◽  
Essentially Normal

1. Three cases of glycogen storage disease occurring in the early neonatal period are presented. Two of these were in siblings, 1 of whom died at the age of 1 day. 2. Tachypnea and enlargement of the liver were the prominent manifestations of the illness. The similarity between this syndrome and other syndromes points up the need for instituting suitable clinical and pathologic diagnostic procedures in the early neonatal period. 3. Determinations of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver in 2 of these patients are presented. 4. Quantitatively standardized glucagon tolerance curves are presented in 2 of these patients and compared with those obtained in normal infants. The character of the response suggests its value as a diagnostic test in this condition. 5. Electroencephalographic tracings during periods with marked hypoglycemia and during periods with normal values for blood sugar were found to be essentially normal. It is suggested that some unusual mechanism for the maintenance of cerebral metabolism during hypoglycemia may be present.

THERAPEUTIC OXYGEN AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN PREMATURE INFANTS

1968 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
D. R. SHANKLIN ◽  
S. L. WOLFSON ◽  
ROBERT M. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽  
Possible Cause

scholarly journals P1766 Comparison of left ventricular stroke volume in healthy adults among regions around the world: results from the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography (WASE) Normal Values Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Miyoshi ◽  
K Addetia ◽  
A Blitz ◽  
R Lang ◽  
F Asch
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
The World ◽  
American Society

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements WASE Normal Values Study is sponsored by American Society Echocardiography Foundation. OnBehalf the WASE Investigators Background The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) chamber quantification guidelines provide normal reference values for a variety of size and function parameters. While used worldwide, these were predominantly obtained from American and European Caucasian populations and may not represent individuals from other regions around the world. Accordingly, ASE in collaboration with its International Alliance Partners conducted the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography (WASE) Normal Values Study to establish and compare normal echocardiographic values across races, ethnicities and countries worldwide. While most previous studies focused on left ventricular (LV) size and ejection fraction, LV stroke volume (SV) in healthy normal subjects has not been well defined. In this report, we aim to examine similarities and differences in normal LV SV indexed by body surface area (SVI) among regions around the world. Methods WASE Normal Values Study is a multinational, observational, cross-sectional study. Individuals free from known cardiac, lung and renal disease were prospectively enrolled with even distribution among age groups and gender. Echocardiographic images were acquired following a standardized protocol. LV SV was assessed by Doppler-derived (LVOT diameter and VTI) and two-dimensional (2D) biplane Simpson’s methods. LV SVI was calculated to account for differences in body size. These measurements were analyzed (TOMTEC) in a single core laboratory following ASE/EACVI Guidelines. Results As of May 2019, LV SV has been analyzed in 1164 cases from 13 countries, representing 8 distinct regions worldwide. In this population, age, body surface area and 2D LV ejection fraction were 47 ± 17 years old (range 18-87 years old), 1.76 ± 0.22 m² (range 0.95-2.44 m²) and 63.2 ± 2.9 % (range 52.7-73.7 %), respectively. LV SV and SVI by Doppler were larger than those obtained by 2D method in all regions. LV SV and SVI in both methods had significant differences among regions (p< 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). LV SV and SVI in South Asia (India) were smallest in both methods and were also significantly smaller than other Asian regions (Figure). North America and Europe had largest LV SV and SVI by Doppler method, while Oceania had largest values by 2D. Conclusions The WASE Normal Values Study shows geographical variability in LV SVI across continents and countries. This information should be considered when determining normative values for SV and SVI. Abstract P1766 Figure.

STEROID EXCRETION PATTERNS IN URINE FROM TWO BOYS IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Åke Gustafsson ◽  
Sven Gustafsson ◽  
Patrick Olin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
21 Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
Adrenal Secretion

ABSTRACT Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used in a study of the excretion of steroids in urine in two normal boys one month of age and in two boys of the same age with clinical signs of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A similar pattern of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids – including 3β,21-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one and 5-pregnene-3β,20α,21-triol – was unexpectedly found in the mono- and disulphate fractions of urine from both the normal subjects and the patients. However, only the patients excreted saturated steroids in the urine indicating the adrenal secretion of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The results indicate the presence in the adrenal cortex of at least two separate 21-hydroxylase systems, one active on pregnenolone and one on 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Furthermore, the excretion of large amounts of saturated steroids in the urine of the patients indicates a high activity of adrenal 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid oxidoreductase.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document