GESELL TESTS ON AFRICAN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1065
Author(s):  
Marcelle Geber ◽  
R. F. A. Dean

The results of a series of Gesell tests on African infants and children are presented. The most remarkable finding was the precocity of the younger infants. The motor development was greatly in advance of that of European infants of the same age, but was not an isolated phenomenon; it was paralleled by advanced adaptivity, language and personal-social behaviour. The precocity was usually lost in the third year, but was retained by some children who had the advantages of a kinderganten. The results of the Gesell tests were confirmed by a study of newborn African infants, whose state of development was also precocious by European standards. The findings are discussed in relation to some details of the African environment, and especially to some local customs which may affect early development. Emphasis is placed on the potential value of finding means by which the early precocity could be maintained.

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Gajewska ◽  
Ewa Barańska ◽  
Magdalena Sobieska ◽  
Jerzy Moczko

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Riechmann ◽  
K.P. Rehorn ◽  
R. Reuter ◽  
M. Leptin

The somatic muscles, the heart, the fat body, the somatic part of the gonad and most of the visceral muscles are derived from a series of segmentally repeated primordia in the Drosophila mesoderm. This work describes the early development of the fat body and its relationship to the gonadal mesoderm, as well as the genetic control of the development of these tissues. Segmentation and dorsoventral patterning genes define three regions in each parasegment in which fat body precursors can develop. Fat body progenitors in these regions are specified by different genetic pathways. Two regions require engrailed and hedgehog for their development while the third is controlled by wingless. decapentaplegic and one or more unknown genes determine the dorsoventral extent of these regions. In each of parasegments 10–12 one of these regions generates somatic gonadal precursors instead of fat body. The balance between fat body and somatic gonadal fate in these serially homologous cell clusters is controlled by at least five genes. We suggest a model in which tinman, engrailed and wingless are necessary to permit somatic gonadal develoment, while serpent counteracts the effects of these genes and promotes fat body development. The homeotic gene abdominalA limits the region of serpent activity by interfering in a mutually repressive feed back loop between gonadal and fat body development.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-177
Author(s):  
Aan Darwati ◽  
Heri Yusuf Muslihin ◽  
Rosarina Giyartini

ABSTRACTKinestetik Intelligence especially in gross motor development is one that need to be considered by all parties, especially the elderly because of its urgency in the growth of early child development. Problems found in Group B in TK Artanita Al-Khairiyah Tasikmalaya still low motoric crude child skills caused by learning that is still cause by learning that is still conventional. The purpose of this study to improve gross motor of early childhood dance creation manuk dadali. The method used that is research action class Kemmis dan Mc Taggart. The first indicator is flexibility which has significant raising. The final ability is 15,4% in the criteria of development as the expectation and 84,6 % in the criteria of great development. The second indicator is balance which increases with the final ability is 38% in the criteria of development  as the expectation and 61,5% in the criteria of great development. The third indicator is agility which increases with the final ability is 30,8% in the criteria of development as the expectation and 69,2% in the criteria of great development. The fourth indicator is coordination of eyes and foot movement which increases with the final ability is 7,7% in the criteria of beginning development, 38,5% in the criteria of development as the expectation, and 53,8% in the criteria of great development. Moreover, for the fifth indicator; coordination of hands and head movement increases with the final ability is 23,1% in the criteria of development as the expectation and 76,9% in the criteria of great development.ABSTRAKKecerdasan kinestetik khususnya dalam perkembangan motorik kasar merupakan salahsatu yang perlu diperhatikan oleh semua pihak khususnya orangtua karena urgensinya dalam tumbuh kembang anak usia dini. Masalah yang ditemukan pada kelompok B di TK Artanita Al-Khairiyah Kota Tasikmalaya masih rendahnya keterampilan motorik kasar anak yang salah satunya disebabkan pembelajaran masih konvensional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk meningkatkan kecerdasan kinestetik khususnya pada motorik kasar yaitu dengan tari kreasi baru manuk dadali. Metode yang digunakan yaitu penelitian tindakan kelas model Kemmis dan Mc Taggart. Kecerdasan kinestetik anak pada aspek motorik kasar anak mengalami peningkatan pada setiap indikatornya. Indikator yang pertama yaitu kelenturan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dengan kemampuan akhir 15,4% pada kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan dan sebesar 84,6% pada kriteria berkembang sangat baik. Indikator yang kedua yaitu Keseimbangan mengalami peningkatan  dengan kemampuan akhir sebesar 38,5% pada kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan, dan 61,5% pada kriteri berkembang sangat baik. Indikator yang ketiga kelincahan mengalami peningkatan dengan kemampuan akhir sebesar 30,8% pada kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan, dan sebesar 69,2% pada kriteria berkembang sangat baik. Indikator yang ke empat yaitu koordinasi gerakan mata-kaki mengalami peningkatan dengan kemampuan akhir sebesar 7,7% pada kriteria mulai berkembang, 38,5% pada kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan, dan 53,8% pada kriteri berkembang sangat baik.  Begitupun dengan indikator yang ke lima koordinasi gerakan tangan-kepala mangalami peningkatan dengan kemampuan akhir anak sebesar 23,1% pada kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan, dan 76,9% pada kritetia berkembang sangat baik.


2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Piotr Sitnik

In a recent judgment in ERGO Poist’ovňa, a.s. v Alžbeta Barlíková, the Court of Justice of the European Union attempted to clarify the ambit of Article 11 of Council Directive of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents, that is the circumstances where a commercial agent’s right to remuneration may be extinguished should a negotiated transaction not be executed between the principal and the client. Notably, the Court held that in the event of even partial non-execution of a negotiated contract between the principal and the third party client, provided it happened due to no fault on the part of the principal, the agent’s right to commission is proportionately extinguished. The paper discusses the judgment in the light of previous CJEU case law and the Polish transposition of the said European standards with a view to finding any potential divergences between the two. The paper notes two problems. First, Polish law, as opposed to Slovak law, does not recognize an automatic termination of an insurance contract in the event of default on the part of the customer. Conversely, whether such an effect eventuates is left to contractual discretion of the parties. Second, Polish courts have been recently willing to substitute unjust enrichment for contractual liability even where, it appears, complainants have valid claims under Article 7614 of the Civil Code.


1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Brieger ◽  
C. F. Robinow

In a cytological investigation of three branching and two non-branching strains grown on Loewenstein medium, it was found that avian tubercle bacilli contain chromatinic material which gives a positive Feulgen reaction and is readily stainable with Giemsa's solution after treatment of the fixed bacteria with hydrochloric acid.Growing filamentous forms of both ‘bacterial’ and ‘mycelial’ strains from 1 to 2 day old cultures contain variable numbers of irregularly spaced, more or less spherical chromatinic bodies which vary in staining in the same bacillus, some being red, others purple. During the third or fourth day the chromatinic material in the bacteria increases very much until most of it is fused into an almost homogeneous deeply stained column. In thenon-branchingstrains the filamentous forms with high chromatin content soon break up into small mono-or binucleate elements, and the same holds true for the ‘straight’ filamentous forms which are also present in cultures of branching strains. The ‘mycelial’ forms, on the other hand, disintegrate at this time (fourth or fifth day of cultivation), and it is uncertain whether they contribute (by partial fragmentation) to the masses of small mono- or binucleate forms which are the predominant element in old cultures of all the strains investigated.The chromatinic structures of avian tubercle bacilli have the same staining properties as those of ordinary non-acid-fast bacteria but differ from them in their behaviour during the early development of the bacilli.


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