EARLY FEEDING OF DEXTROSE AND SALINE SOLUTION TO PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-761
Author(s):  
William Allen Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Hyaline Membranes ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Physiologic Responses

Conflicting opinions concerning the optimum age at which to commence feeding premature infants have resulted in either early or late regimens. In order to test the hypothesis that the early administration of fluids to premature babies was beneficial, a controlled study of 50 newborn premature subjects was undertaken. Fluids consisting of 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline were started before the age of 6 hours by constant drip through a nasogastric plastic catheter in 24 subjects selected by a predesigned method using a table of random permutations. The average intake during the test period was 54.5 ml/kg/24 hours. The other 26 control subjects received no fluids until age 36 hours, when both groups were started on formula. There was no alteration of symptoms of respiratory distress in the group receiving early feedings. One-half of these subjects did not lose weight while being fed the dextrose and saline solution. They promptly lost weight, however, when regular milk feedings were commenced. The seven infants who died had similar pathologic findings. It was noted that three of the five in the fluid treated group also had pulmonary hyaline membranes. There were no hyaline membranes in the lungs of the two subjects deprived of water. From this study neither beneficial nor detrimental effects of early feeding could be demonstrated by use of the criteria of dyspnea or mortality. The question of when to start to feed premature babies is still unanswered. There is need for further feeding trials, in which associations among age of commencement, nature of substances fed and the consequent physiologic responses, can be observed.

A CONTROLLED STUDY OF THE USE OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMICROBIALS IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-917
Author(s):  
Giuliana Gialdroni-Grassi ◽  
Charles V. Pryles ◽  
Maxwell Finland
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Nose And Throat

Studies of the aerobic bacterial flora of the nose and throat were made during the first month of life in premature infants born in the hospital and selected by cyclic rotation for treatment with either penicillin plus streptomycin, sulfadiazine, oxytetracycline, or saline for a period of 10 days. The initial cultures made during the first few hours after birth yielded no growth in 90% of those from the nose and in 80% of those from the throat; in nearby every instance in which bacterial growth occurred in the initial cultures, the conditions either in the pregnancy, the delivery or the infant at birth were such as to predispose the baby to contamination. Staphylococci were most often the first organisms to appear in both nose and throat and were also the most prevalent and most persistent. Coagulase-positive strains were the most frequent in nasal cultures and coagulase-negative ones in those from the throat; the latter variety was particularly prevalent during the first 10 days. Strains of Str. viridans ranked next in incidence; they were recovered predominantly from the throat cultures and with increasing frequency through the thirtieth day. Enterococci were cultured only between the third and fifteenth days. Beta hemolytic streptococci were repeatedly recovered from a few infants in the sulfadiazine-treated group and H. influenzae was grown once from each of three infants but these organisms did not cause any overt infections. Coliform organisms first appeared during the second week and increased in frequency through the thirtieth day. The strains of staphylococci were predominantly resistant to all of the antimicrobials used, including sulfadiazine, whereas the various streptococci were almost all sensitive to these agents; however, most of the enterococci were resistant to streptomycin alone and moderately resistant to oxytetracycline. The coliform organisms were nearly all resistant to penicillin and to sulfadiazine and most of them except the strains of pseudomonas were sensitive to streptomycin, alone or in combination with penicillin and also to oxytetracycline; however, the strains of proteus were either moderately resistant or resistant to oxytetracycline. Antimicrobial therapy appeared to have only minor and limited effects on the bacteriologic findings. Enterococci were most frequently isolated during antimicrobial therapy, particularly with sulfadiazine or oxytetracycline, but strains of Str. viridans or of E. coli were rarely isolated during treatment with the latter. Implantation and persistence of beta hemolytic streptococci were not prevented by treatment with sulfadiazine although the strains isolated were sensitive to that agent in vitro. The strains of staphylococci, particularly the coagulase-positive ones, which were isolated from the infants treated with oxytetracycline included a smaller proportion that were sensitive and more that were resistant to all the antibiotics with which they were tested as compared with those obtained from the babies in any of the other therapeutic groups.

scholarly journals Efficacy of oral doramectin as treatment for Psoroptes ovis and Leporacarus gibbus in naturally infested rabbits

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Rosângela R. dos Santos ◽  
Cristiane N. Coelho ◽  
Tiago A.P. Nunes ◽  
Lilian Cristina de S.O. Batista ◽  
Thaís R. Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lesion Score ◽  
Psoroptes Ovis ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Collateral Effects ◽  
Ear Wax ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the efficacy of a single oral dose of doramectin in the control of Psoroptes ovis and Leporacarus gibbus in naturally infested rabbits. Sixteen adult rabbits were selected and distributed in two experimental groups. The treated group received 200 μg/Kg of oral doramectin and the control group received the same volume of saline solution. The diagnosis of the mites was made with a stereoscopic microscope. Hairs from the dorsal part of the neck, lumbar right, lumbar left, ventral side of the tail and ventral abdomen were evaluated for L. gibbus, and ear wax evaluated for P. ovis. The evaluation of the efficiency and the clinical assessment of the lesions was made in days 0, +3, +7, +14, +21, +28, and +35 after treatment. An efficacy of 75% and 87,5% was observed for L. gibbus in days +3 and +7 after treatment, an efficacy of 100% was observed in days +14, + 21, +28 e +35. An efficacy of 100% for the control of P. ovis was observed following day +7. The clinical lesion score of the control group remained unaltered, except for one animal which conditions worsened during experimentation. In the treated group animals, regression of the lesions was observed following day +3, and on day +21 no signal of infestation by P. ovis was present. None of the animals from the treated group presented secondary collateral effects caused by the doramectin, which proved itself as an optimal alternative for mite control in naturally infested rabbits.

scholarly journals 146 Survey of residual feed intake in Katahdin and Texel lambs in a feedlot environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
Camren l Maierle ◽  
Andrew R Weaver ◽  
Eugene Felton ◽  
Scott P Greiner ◽  
Scott A Bowdridge
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Meaningful Improvement ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Test Population ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

Abstract Residual feed intake (RFI) is quickly becoming the preferred measurement of efficiency in many species due to its inherent independence of most other important production traits. Making meaningful improvement in feed efficiency of sheep will require a consistent methodology to accurately identify efficient individuals. Due to difficulty in measuring this trait efforts must be made to incorporate efficiency data in large-scale genetic evaluations. The aim of this study was to evaluate lambs in a feedlot with large-scale genetic evaluations for feed efficiency calculated by residual feed intake (RFI) utilizing a Growsafe™ system. RFI was calculated by subtracting expected intake from actual intake. Expected intake was determined by regressing metabolic body size of mid-test weight. Regression determined ADG on actual intake for individuals in the population. Texel (n = 58) and Katahdin (n = 118) lambs were placed in a feedlot and fed in separate feeding trials, a complete pellet ad libitum as the sole source of nutrition. In this environment Texel and Katahdin lambs had expected ADG values (0.27 kg/day, 0.32 kg/day respectively) and actual intake data (2154.17 g/day, 1909.33 g/day respectively. After a period of adaptation, Texel average intake was determined over a period of 27 consecutive days and used to calculate individual RFI within the test population. Observable ranges of RFI (-0.62 – +0.62) were seen in the Texel lambs. At the start of the Katahdin trial lambs were separated by sex and FEC treatment. After a period of adaptation, Katahdin average intake was determined over a period of 42 consecutive days and used to calculate individual RFI within the test population. Observable ranges of RFI (-0.53 – +0.50) were seen in the Katahdin lambs as well. In both feeding trials RFI appeared to be normally distributed. Use of this technology may be useful in identifying superior individuals for feed efficiency.

Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum in Infants With ldiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome Receiving Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-496
Author(s):  
Robert T. Hall ◽  
Philip G. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Inspired Oxygen

A review of infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome developing pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax reveals (1) an incidence of 20% in patients receiving CPAP with an 11% incidence in comparable infants not receiving this mode of therapy; (2) in the CAPA-treated group the occurrence was at a stage in the illness when the inspired oxygen concentration was being lowered and when ventilation was stable; (3) the inspired oxygen concentration in the CPAP group at the time of the PM and/or PT was 52% (± S.D. 15%) at a mean age of 33 hours (± S.D. 23 hr). These observations suggest that distending airway pressure creates excessive alveolar distention as an underlying mechanism of the air leak. It is recommended that distending airway pressure be lowered prior to achieving an inspired oxygen concentration of 60%. A controlled study is in progress to delineate the optimum distending airway pressures at specific inspired oxygen concentrations in order to reduce the incidence of alveolar rupture to a minimum.

HYPERGLYCEMIAAS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP): A COHORT STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Kali Shankar Das ◽  
Athokpam Poireiton ◽  
Niladri Sekhar Mandal ◽  
Samim Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Average Blood Glucose

OBJECTIVE: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a severe morbidity that can lead to blindness in premature babies. Neonatal hyperglycemia has been related to the growth of ROP in a variety of studies. However, there aren't many observational trials to show whether hyperglycemia is linked to ROP in the absence of other comorbidities. The aim of this research was to see if hyperglycemia in premature babies is linked to ROP in a different way. STUDY DESIGN: Premature infants (<1500 g or⩽ 32 weeks gestational age) were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. All demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Bedside whole-blood glucose concentration was measured every 8 hours daily for rst 7 , days of live. For any glucose reading <50 or>150 mg dl 1 serum sample was sent to the laboratory for conrmation. Hyperglycemia was dened as any blood glucose level⩾ 150 mg dl − 1. ROP patients were compared with non-ROP patients in a bivariate analysis. Variables signicantly associated with ROP were studied in a logistic regression model. RESULT:Atotal of 100 patients were enrolled with gestational age <32weeks and birth weight <1500g. Forty-eight patients (48%) were identied with hyperglycemia. On eye examination, 30 cases (30%) had ROP (19 with stage 1, 10 with stage 2 and 1 with stage 3). There were more cases of ROPin the hyperglycemia group compared with the euglycemia group (45.83% vs 15.38%, P = 0.007). Patients who developed ROP had signicantly higher maximum and average glucose concentrations when compared with non-ROP patients. Multiple factors have been associated with ROP on bivariate analysis, including gestational age, exposure to oxygen, respiratory support and poor weight gain. However, in a logistic regression model including all signicant variables, average blood glucose in the rst week of life was the factor independently associated with ROPwith an odds ratio of: 1.77 (95% condence interval: 1.08 to 2.86), P= 0.024 CONCLUSION: In a prospective cohort study of premature infants, elevated average blood glucose concentrations in the rst week of life is an independent risk factor associated with the development of ROP.

scholarly journals Might the Mothers of Premature Babies Feed Them and Devote Some Milk to the Milk Bank?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasqua Anna Quitadamo ◽  
Giuseppina Palumbo ◽  
Liliana Cianti ◽  
Matteo Luigi Napolitano ◽  
Ciro Coviello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Single Donor ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Healthy Growth

The breast milk is the gold standard food for the feeding of the premature baby: it is the natural way to provide excellent nutritional, immunological, and biological nutriment so as to facilitate a healthy growth and the development of the infants. When the breast milk is not available, the alternative is represented by the donated milk. The mothers of premature infants are important opportunity if we consider the fact that they could devote some milk both because they provide a food which is closer to the needs of the vulnerable category of newborns and because it is, for the mothers, a way to overcome the detachment and the psychological trauma of a premature birth. There are no data on this kind of donation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of the milk donation to the HMB of CSS by women who gave birth to premature infants of gestational age <35 weeks and to analyze the macronutrient composition of the “preterm” donated milk. The CSS HMB has recruited 659 donors totalling 2236 liters of donated milk over a period of 7 years. 38 donors (5.7%) gave birth to a gestational age <35 weeks. Almost 20% of the donated milk comes from mothers of premature babies and this is a very important fact because it shows the huge potential belonging to this category of mothers. Taking into account the parameter regarding the birth weight, it was found that VLBW mothers contributed for 56% to preterm donation while ELBW mothers contributed for 41%. By evaluating the variable gestational age, about 40% of the average total donation derives from mothers who gave birth before the 25 weeks, while a contribution of 46% is attributable to the category of newborns with a GA between 25 and 32 weeks. Besides, some other exceptional examples can be outlined. Regarding the correlation analysis DM resulted in negative correlation with GA weeks (r=-0.31, p=0.058) and with BW g (r=-0.30, p=0.068) achieving values which are very close to the significance. The comparison between the donor volume averages of the preterm and full-term groups is statistically significant. The composition data are in line with the literature: there is an increase by 18 % in the protein component of the milk deriving from the mothers of the premature infants; the gap in carbohydrates is less significant (5-6%) and the gap in calories is similarly low being only 2% higher than the single donor milk and 11% more than the pooled milk. The data on the lipids line up to single donor term milk, while it grows by 24% compared to the pooled one. The study shows that even at very low or extreme gestational age it is possible to obtain an appropriate production of breast milk. This awareness becomes a fundamental starting point for the activation in a standardized way of all the strategies of promotion and support of food that have proven effective with the HM in NICU.

THE EFFECT OF MONTHLY GAMMA-GLOBULIN ADMINISTRATION ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM INFECTION IN PREMATURE INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Amer ◽  
Esther Ott ◽  
Frank A. Ibbott ◽  
Donough O'Brien ◽  
C. Henry Kempe
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
First Year ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
First Year Of Life

A double-blind controlled study to determine the effect on infections of repeated administration of large doses of gamma-globulin to premature infants revealed that significantly more of these infants had no infections and fewer had mild infections during the first year of life. The data also suggests that gamma-globulin afforded some amelioration of serious but nonfatal infections. Deaths from infection showed a similar trend in favor of the gamma-globulin group, but this difference on its own was not significant.

Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of a Calf Lung Surfactant Extract Administered at Birth to Very Premature Infants for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Shapiro ◽  
Robert H. Notter ◽  
Frederick C. Morin ◽  
Karl S. Deluga ◽  
Leonard M. Golub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress

Organic solvent extraction of surfactant obtained by lavage of calf lungs yields a highly surfaceactive material. A double blind, randomized clinical trial to determine the effect of this material on respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants was initiated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the University of Rochester in December 1983. Infants 25 to 29 weeks gestational age were eligible for entry into the trial. At the time of this interim analysis 32 patients had been randomly selected and entered into the trial, 16 surfactant-treated patients and 16 in a control group who received only saline. At birth, intrapulmonary instillation of the calf lung surfactant extract dispersed in saline or saline alone occurred in the delivery room immediately after intubation and prior to ventilation; infants were then ventilated and treated as usual. At 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after birth, the severity of respiratory distress was categorized as either minimal, intermediate, or severe based on oxygen and mean airway pressure requirements. Differences observed at six hours after birth were of marginal significance, but at 12 and 24 hours the surfactant-treated group had significantly (P &lt; .01) less severe respiratory distress compared with the control group. Differences between treated and control infants were not statistically significant at 48 and 72 hours after birth. In four surfactant-treated infants the severity of respiratory distress worsened between 24 and 48 hours after birth, suggesting that one dose of surfactant at birth may not be sufficient for some infants.

Rationale for Grading Intracranial Hemorrhage in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-363
Author(s):  
Karl Kuban ◽  
Rita Littlewood Teele
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Intracranial Hemorrhage ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Cranial Ultrasound ◽  
Germinal Matrix ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
High Incidence

There is a high incidence of hemorrhage in the germinal matrix and ventricular system in premature infants. Existing systems of grading the extent of hemorrhage into germinal matrix and ventricles of premature babies have limitations. It is necessary to consider correlations of structure (neuroanatomy by ultrasound) with function (outcome of patient). It is suggested that a standardized worksheet for evaluation of cranial ultrasound usage in premature infants be adopted. Such a worksheet allows uniformity of data collection and permits a more efficient method for evaluating correlations of structure with function.

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