Host defense in malnutrition

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-495
Author(s):  
Michael Katz ◽  
E. Richard Stiehm
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Important Health

It has not been possible to relate a particular immune failure or deficiency to absence of a specific nutrient. All of these studies have viewed the totality of malnutrition and, yet, it would seem reasonable to expect that specific nutrient deficiencies would affect the response differently and that the almost infinite number of possible interactions among nutrients may have their particular effect. Furthermore, it has not been possible to evaluate any of these studies in terms of the influences that infections themselves have brought to bear. These considerations have led us to conclude that studies of man cannot be carried out with a precision required for the definitive answers. This is not a defeatist notion, but rather a value judgment that prompts us to recommend a more intensive series of investigations in animal model systems, the conclusions of which could then be applied selectively to clinical studies of man. The important question that must be considered is possible nutritional interventions in severely infected patients, such as those undergoing major surgery or immunosuppressive therapy. Potential dangers of using live attenuated viral vaccines in malnourished populations must be evaluated. It is necessary to assess the possibility that such vaccine viruses unchecked by normal immune response in malnourished individuals may lead to the establishment of states of latency and, ultimately, slow infections. The need for further studies has been given recognition by a workshop conference held in May 1975 under the title "Malnutrition and the Immune Response"; the proceedings are soon to be published in book form.57 The question of the influences of infection upon the state of nutrition has also been considered in a recent workshop, the proceedings of which will also be published.58 We believe that the current critical approach to this important health problem will generate answers long wanting. When these answers do become available, they will guide us into better care not only of the malnourished in the developing world, but also of those in the industrialized countries.

Euphoria Versus Sufferings: Revolutionary Rolpa in Post Conflict Context

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Sachin Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
A Value ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Social Separation ◽  
The Relationship

Armed conflict has left behind a legacy of social separation, physical loss of human lives and a population suffering from many kinds of physical and mental morbidities. In the post-conflict context, a lengthy political transition, coterie politics and the absence of a stable government are severely hindering the realisation of people's aspirations. Such hindrances have fostered a deep level of political frustration and promoted a culture of depoliticization. In Rolpa, lack of political commitment has meant people's health has become an overlooked agenda and has forced people to lose hope for change and survive with silent sufferings. Through the lens of a value-critical approach, this paper attempts to explore the relationship between politics of exclusion and its reflection on individual level pain and suffering in Rolpa.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Economic Evaluation: What's in a Name?

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Hoch ◽  
Carolyn S Dewa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Objective: This paper describes the main types of economic evaluation techniques. Method: To examine the strengths and limitations of different types of economic evaluations, we used a hypothetical example to review the reasoning underlying each method and to illustrate when it is appropriate to use each method. Results: The choice of economic evaluation method reflects a decision about what should represent “success” and how success should be valued. Measures of benefit and cost must be considered systematically and simultaneously. Claiming that a new treatment is cost-effective requires making a value judgment based on the personal beliefs of the claimant. Even when cost and effect data are objective, a verdict of cost-effective is subjective. The conclusions of an economic study can change significantly, depending on which patient outcome is used to measure success. Conclusions: Clinicians must be sure that important patient outcomes are not excluded from economic evaluations. Economic evaluation is a process designed to produce an estimate rather than a decision. New treatment can be more costly and still be cost-effective (if the extra benefit is valued more than the extra cost to produce it). However, since economic evaluation does not explicitly consider a decision maker's available budget, a new treatment can be deemed cost-effective but too expensive to approve.

RESEARCH METHODS FOR STUDYING EVALUATION: ACADEMIC DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
А.А. Водяницкая
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of

Постановка задачи. Работа посвящена изучению традиционных подходов к исследованию оценочных значений и инновационных методов их изучения. Задача исследования заключается в анализе методов изучения оценки, которые можно было бы применить при выявлении оценочной специфики академического дискурса. Результаты. Как показало исследование, оценочные значения, оценка привлекают внимание исследователей различных областей знания, различных дискурсов. По-прежнему открыт вопрос разграничения эмоции, экспрессии и оценки. Тесная связь оценки с ценностями индивида, выносящего оценочное суждение, предполагает возможность ее изучения с позиций аксиологии, тогда как взаимосвязь с психологией позволяет подходить к оценке с точки зрения психологии (например, оценочные стили). Выводы. Комбинация традиционных и инновационных методов позволит выявить онтологические свойства оценки в академическом дискурсе. Речь идет о вербализованных оценочных суждениях, выносимых различными участниками академического дискурса. Вопросы оценочной категоризации, разграничение эмоции и оценки, оценочных стилей участников академического дискурса, привлечение корпуса текстов как источника материала и как инструмента познания представляются релевантными аспектами при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Вместе с тем не все методы исследования оценки можно одинаково успешно использовать при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Например, метод триады, предложенный Ж. Мартином, который на данном этапе исследован применительно к изучению устного академического дискурса в его специфическом проявлении - в драматическом тексте. Как представляется, данный метод требует более детальной разработки применительно к нехудожественной, повседневной, речи академического дискурса. Problem statement. The paper focuses on the study of traditional approaches evaluations and innovative methods of their study. The objective of the research. is to analyze the methods of studying evaluation that could be applied in identifying the evaluative specifics of academic discourse. Results. The research has revealed that evaluative meanings attract the attention of researchers in various fields of knowledge, various discourses. The question of differentiating emotion, expressive language means and evaluation is still open. The close relationship of assessment with the values of the individual making a value judgment suggests the possibility of studying it from the standpoint of axiology, while the relationship with psychology allows one to approach assessment from the point of view of psychology (for example, evaluative styles). Conclusion. The combination of traditional and innovative methods will reveal the ontological properties of assessment in academic discourse. We are talking about verbalized value judgments made by various participants in academic discourse. Issues of evaluative categorization, differentiation of emotion and evaluation, evaluative styles of participants in academic discourse, corpus-based analysis seem to be relevant aspects in the study of the evaluative component of academic discourse.

Fluctuations in rat liver alanine-amino-transferase activity during experimental nippostrongylosis

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Lucy J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Alanine Amino Transferase ◽  
A Value ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzyme ◽  
Alt Activity

SUMMARYThe activity of the gluconeogenic enzyme, alanine-amino-transferase (ALT), in a preparation from the liver of rats was studied by means of an in vitro assay throughout the course of a primary infection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, established by a subcutaneous injection of approximately 4000 3rd-stage larvae. The activity was measured on days 1–14 p.i. in both uninfected and infected rats and a marked pattern in the enzyme's activity was observed. In infected rats, the activity increased from 1·46±0·19 U/g liver on day 1 p.i. to a peak on day 4 p.i. of 10·75±1·62 U/g liver, then decreased to a trough of 0·44±0·18 U/g liver on day 10 p.i. before returning to original levels by day 14 p.i., by which time the infection had been largely eliminated. In uninfected rats the activity of the liver enzyme remained constant throughout this period with a value of 2·54±0·12 U/g liver. The activity of the enzyme in vitro was found to be related to the size of the inoculum on days 4 and 10 p.i. It was proposed that these observations could be due to either (1) a direct effect of the parasite, or (2) a consequence of the host immune response to the infection. In order to investigate the second proposition more fully, liver ALT activity was investigated by in vitro assay on selected days p.i. in rats experiencing a secondary N. brasiliensis infection. In these rats the liver ALT activity was observed to reach a peak on day 2 p.i., with an activity of 3·87 ± 0-28 U/g liver, and a trough on day 4 p.i. with an activity of 0·11 ±0·03 U/g liver, returning to similar levels to those measured in uninfected rats by day 7 p.i. When serum prepared from rats having secondary N. brasiliensis infections collected on day 4 p.i. was added to the assay, a reduction in the activity of liver ALT activity from both the infected and uninfected rats was measured by in vitro assay. The results are discussed in relation to protein metabolism and gluconeogenesis in rats infected with N. brasiliensis, and also in relation to the host’s immune response to the parasitic infection.

scholarly journals Major surgery induces acute changes in measured DNA methylation associated with immune response pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Sadahiro ◽  
Bridget Knight ◽  
Ffion James ◽  
Eilis Hannon ◽  
John Charity ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Acute Changes

scholarly journals Nutritional Interventions for Mitochondrial OXPHOS Deficiencies: Mechanisms and Model Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kuszak ◽  
Michael Graham Espey ◽  
Marni J. Falk ◽  
Marissa A. Holmbeck ◽  
Giovanni Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Nutritional Interventions

Respiratory Tract Mucin Genes and Mucin Glycoproteins in Health and Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Callaghan Rose ◽  
Judith A. Voynow
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Mucin Glycoproteins ◽  
Mucin Gene ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Mucin Genes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
Chronic Airway

This review focuses on the role and regulation of mucin glycoproteins (mucins) in airway health and disease. Mucins are highly glycosylated macromolecules (≥50% carbohydrate, wt/wt). MUC protein backbones are characterized by numerous tandem repeats that contain proline and are high in serine and/or threonine residues, the sites of O-glycosylation. Secretory and membrane-tethered mucins contribute to mucociliary defense, an innate immune defense system that protects the airways against pathogens and environmental toxins. Inflammatory/immune response mediators and the overproduction of mucus characterize chronic airway diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), or cystic fibrosis (CF). Specific inflammatory/immune response mediators can activate mucin gene regulation and airway remodeling, including goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH). These processes sustain airway mucin overproduction and contribute to airway obstruction by mucus and therefore to the high morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Importantly, mucin overproduction and GCH, although linked, are not synonymous and may follow from different signaling and gene regulatory pathways. In section i, structure, expression, and localization of the 18 human MUC genes and MUC gene products having tandem repeat domains and the specificity and application of MUC-specific antibodies that identify mucin gene products in airway tissues, cells, and secretions are overviewed. Mucin overproduction in chronic airway diseases and secretory cell metaplasia in animal model systems are reviewed in section ii and addressed in disease-specific subsections on asthma, COPD, and CF. Information on regulation of mucin genes by inflammatory/immune response mediators is summarized in section iii. In section iv, deficiencies in understanding the functional roles of mucins at the molecular level are identified as areas for further investigations that will impact on airway health and disease. The underlying premise is that understanding the pathways and processes that lead to mucus overproduction in specific airway diseases will allow circumvention or amelioration of these processes.

Values, Evidence, and Mastery Learning

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorin W. Anderson ◽  
Robert B. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mind

The decision about learning and learners [is a decision] about an ideal, about how we [conceive] what a learner should be in order to assure that a society of a particular valued kind could be safeguarded. … At the heart of the decision process there must be a value judgment about how the mind should be cultivated and to what end. ( Bruner, 1985 , p. 5)

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