Potential Effect of Demographic and Other Variables in Studies Comparing Morbidity of Breast-Fed and Bottle-Fed Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry S. Sauls
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
Access To Medical Care ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed

Comparing the morbidity of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is confounded by inherent differences in breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers and their infants. Self-selection introduces complex variables encompassing much more than milk source used for infant feeding. Reasons for selecting breast or bottle feeding relate to demographic, socioeconomic, educational, ethnic, cultural, and psychological factors, as well as maternal and infant physical and emotional health. Many of the differences in the maternal populations may affect infant care practices, access to medical care, and infant health status. Studies published to date have not quantified these confounding effects and other potential biases in comparing morbidity of breast- and bottle-fed infants and the relationship between milk source and incidence of infantile disease remains in question. There is need for more cautious use of the available data and investigators must seek ways to design future studies to take into account the differences between breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers that affect both reported and actual infant morbidity.

Caries Risk Factors among Three-year Old Children in Chiba, Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Tada ◽  
Yuichi Ando ◽  
Nobuhiro Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Relationship

In order to predict the factors which affect the occurrence of dental caries in children after the age 18-months, we analyzed the relationship between the increment of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) in children from 18-months to three-years of age and caries risk factors. Subjects were 392 infants who received both an 18-month-old check-up and a three-year-old check-up in Chiba city. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the results with the increment of the dmft by various combinations of independent variables (sex, order of birth, sweets intake, beverage intake, tooth brushing and feeding). The most predictive factors for the increment of the dmft in upper anterior and molar were “breast feeding” and “bottle feeding” respectively. From these results, we concluded that bottle feeding and breast feeding were the risk factors for the increment of the dmft from the age of 18-months to three years.

Breast-Feeding and the Risk of Life-Threatening Rotavirus Diarrhea: Prevention or Postponement?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-685
Author(s):  
J. Clemens ◽  
M. Rao ◽  
F. Ahmed ◽  
R. Ward ◽  
S. Huda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Control Study

Purpose. To assess the relationship between breast-feeding and the risk of life-threatening rotavirus diarrhea among Bangladeshi infants and children younger than 24 months of age. Design. Case-control study. Setting. A rural Bangladesh community. Participants. One hundred two cases with clinically severe rotavirus diarrhea detected in a treatment centerbased surveillance system during 1985 and 1986, and 2587 controls selected in three surveys of the same community during the same calendar interval. Outcomes. Cases and controls were compared for the frequency of antecedent breast-feeding patterns. Results. Compared with other feeding modes, exclusive breast-feeding of infants was associated with significant protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea (relative risk (RR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03,0.34). However, during the second year of life, the risk of this outcome was higher in breast-fed than in non-breast-fed children (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.37,21.71), and no overall protection was associated with breast-feeding during the first 2 years of life (RR = 2.61; 95% CI = 0.62,11.02). Conclusions. Although exclusive breast-feeding appeared to protect infants against severe rotavirus diarrhea, breast-feeding per se conferred no overall protection during the first 2 years of life, suggesting that breast-feeding temporarily postponed rather than prevented this outcome. While not detracting from efforts to promote breast-feeding to alleviate the burden of diarrhea due to nonrotaviral enteropathogens, our findings cast doubt on whether such efforts will impact on the problem of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

scholarly journals High education and increased parity are associated with breast-feeding initiation and duration among Australian women

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 2551-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Holowko ◽  
Mark Jones ◽  
Ilona Koupil ◽  
Leigh Tooth ◽  
Gita Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
First Child ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Maternal And Infant Health ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding is associated with positive maternal and infant health and development outcomes. To assist identifying women less likely to meet infant nutritional guidelines, we investigated the role of socio-economic position and parity on initiation of and sustaining breast-feeding for at least 6 months.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAustralia.SubjectsParous women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (born 1973–78), with self-reported reproductive and breast-feeding history (N4777).ResultsWhile 89 % of women (83 % of infants) had ever breast-fed, only 60 % of infants were breast-fed for at least 6 months. Multiparous women were more likely to breast-feed their first child (~90 %v. ~71 % of primiparous women), and women who breast-fed their first child were more likely to breast-feed subsequent children. Women with a low education (adjusted OR (95 % CI): 2·09 (1·67, 2·62)) or a very low-educated parent (1·47 (1·16, 1·88)) had increased odds of not initiating breast-feeding with their first or subsequent children. While fewer women initiated breast-feeding with their youngest child, this was most pronounced among high-educated women. While ~60 % of women breast-fed their first, second and third child for at least 6 months, low-educated women (first child, adjusted OR (95 % CI): 2·19 (1·79, 2·68)) and women with a very low (1·82 (1·49, 2·22)) or low-educated parent (1·69 (1·33, 2·14)) had increased odds of not breast-feeding for at least 6 months.ConclusionsA greater understanding of barriers to initiating and sustaining breast-feeding, some of which are socio-economic-specific, may assist in reducing inequalities in infant breast-feeding.

scholarly journals AWARENESS OF MOTHER WITH BABY PACIFIER

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 516-525
Author(s):  
Yasmine Tarek ◽  
Shymah AlMubarak ◽  
Zahraa Aljassem ◽  
Sajidah Al_Aliwi ◽  
Maryam Albagshi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
First Year ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Nutritive Sucking ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
Calming Effect ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Pacifier Use

Introduction: Pacifiers consist of a latex or silicone nipple with a firm plastic shield and handle and are available in different forms and sizes. This is used in infant for colling and calming effect on infant however, it is related to many disadvantage and side effect on teeth of the infants. In this study we aimed to a Assess the interrelation between different on-nutritive sucking habits, pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking. Besides, Investigate the relationships between various non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusion in the primary dentition. Methodology: Following a comprehensive literature review, the questionnaire was designed and used for data collection. Then, a cross‐sectional survey was distributed throughout the internet for two months (October - November 2019) to 200 mothers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The mothers answered 16 questions, where 5 of them were self-administered, while the others followed the pacifier and their effect on Breastfeeding and teeth. Initially, the participants have answered inquiries about the demographic information. Results: The results of our study include 202 mothers in which 55.9 % were between 18 -30 years old while 88.6 % of married while 6.4 % were widowed and the rest were divorced. Moreover, 67.3 % of mothers in this study started breast feeding but stopped it, while 15.3 % still breast feeding partially, 12.9 % still breasting feeding exclusively and 4.5 % never breast fed during the process of the survey. 58.9 % of mothers agree about the use of pacifier with their infants where younger mothers were more intended to agree about using of pacifier. Considering the reason behind using of pacifier, mothers reported that 74.3 % of mothers using pacifier because of its comfort or soothing effect. Moreover, 47.1 % of the sample thought that best time to start using pacifiers is from first week of birth and 49 % of mothers in this study thought that pacifier should be used for 4 hours per day. Finally, most of mother thought that the ideal time of pacifier cessation before the first year (45%). Conclusion: As with all infant care practices, there may be multiple factors influencing the parental decision to use or not use a pacifier for the infant. Some of these factors (e.g., concerns about nipple confusion, dental concerns) may be the result of misinformation. As pacifier use has been associated with a reduced risk for SIDS, it is important for health care providers to understand and be able to address the concerns that parents may have about pacifier use. In the hospital setting, providers should be aware that parents may have strong preferences about getting educated regarding pacifier use and its consequences.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1033
Author(s):  
Mary Fallot ◽  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Breast Fed

We wish to thank the writers for taking the time to reanalyze our report and point out that our data merely justify the statement that bottle-feeding increases the risk of hospitalization only among private patients. We hope that we will ultimately be able to have a sufficiently large population of clinic patients who are breast-fed in order to determine whether breast-feeding can be shown statistically to confer protection in this group as well. We can assure Dr Margolis that a selection bias was not operative.

Estimating Infant Mortality From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Causes in Breast-Feeding and Bottle-Feeding Populations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-296
Author(s):  
Sally Ann Lederman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

This paper discusses the literature dealing with breast-feeding in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This review is used to develop a background for a quantitative assessment of factors determining whether breast-feeding or bottle-feeding will result in a lower overall mortality in areas of different HIV prevalence. An algebraic formula is presented that enables calculation of the mortality that would result in any population if the following variables are known or capable of estimation: portion of child-bearing women infected with HIV, portion of newborns infected with HIV at birth, relative mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants that are not HIV infected, and transmissibility of HIV during breast-feeding. The information available for estimating these variables is incomplete. Nevertheless, boundaries can be set for each variable, based on information obtained locally or from the literature, to aid in objective evaluation of the risks of promoting bottle-feeding or breast-feeding in populations with different risk characteristics. Consideration of these factors indicates that the benefits of breast-feeding over bottle-feeding can substantially outweigh any putative risk of HIV transmission during breast-feeding unless the prevalence of HIV infection is quite high or the difference in mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is very low.

Experience and Personality Differences Among Breast- and Bottle-feeding Mothers

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Berg-Cross ◽  
Gary Berg-Cross ◽  
Deborah McGeehan
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Feeding Experience ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affect Adjective ◽  
Breast Fed

Twenty breast-feeding (BF) mothers and twenty artificially feeding (AF) mothers were studied to assess the relationship between different feeding modes and the mother's enjoyment of feeding and her attitude toward and style of weaning the child to a cup. Besides administering a 30-45-minute semistructured interview, a sensation seeking scale and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (MAACL) were administered. Results indicated the BF mothers were higher sensation seekers, more satisfied with the feeding experience, and more ambivalent about weaning than the AF mothers. The BF mothers favored waiting for the child to initiate weaning, and breast-fed males were weaned significantly later than bottle-fed males. It appears that mode of feeding and optimal levels of stimulation are related to how the mother experiences infant feeding, although additional research is warranted.

Infant Weaning Practices of some TIV Women Resident in Makurdi, Nigeria

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.O. Igbedioh ◽  
A.O. Ogbeni ◽  
G.M. Adole
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
The Public ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Mother's Educational Level ◽  
Breast Fed

The weaning practices in infants aged 4 to 9 months of two hundred Tiv mothers in Makurdi, Nigeria were examined. The data was collected using a questionnaire from these randomly selected women from a known population and who regularly visited the public post-natal clinic in Makurdi. The study showed that all the mothers breast-fed their infants and most introduced supplementary feed at 3 to 4 months. Most also fed the traditional pap or ‘akamu’ usually prepared by adding boiling water to fermented maize-sorghum paste. However, only a few of these (34%) enriched such paps. Price was a major determinant influencing the choice of feed fed to the infants. Only a few of the mothers (19%) used commercial milk formula, about a quarter fed legumes (24.5%) and fruits and vegetables (30%). The study showed that the mother's educational level and occupation influenced both time and duration of breast feeding and introduction of milk formula. Three-quarter of the mothers used bottle feeding while a quarter used spoon and cup and the feeds were improperly stored. The significance of these findings is discussed

scholarly journals The Impact of Breastfeeding on the Childhood Acute Leukemia Risk Among Children Attending Alexandria University Children's Hospital

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 3733-3733
Author(s):  
Mohamed NZ Massoud ◽  
Hoda MA Hassab ◽  
Aida M M Ali ◽  
Doha N Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breast Fed

Abstract Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of breastfeeding on the risk of development of acute leukemia among children Admitted to Alexandria University Children's Hospital. METHODS: A case control study included 134 ALL&AML cases & 134 matched controls for age & sex from the same family relatives to evaluate socioeconomic & genetic causes of the disease. The mothers were interviewed for the completion of interview format that included: duration & patterns of breastfeeding. RESULTS: lower proportion of acute leukemia cases 59.7% were exclusively breast-fed babies as compared to 89.6% of the control subjects. However, higher proportions of index children were either predominant breast-fed 19.4% or complementary-fed 10.4%. Nearly 10.4% were bottle-fed babies as compared to none of their controls. The differences between cases & controls as regards pattern of breast feeding were statistically significant where p<0.001. As regards duration of breastfeeding 75.4% of index children were breast-fed for more than 6 months as compared to vast majority of their controls (97.8%). The difference between cases & controls was statistically significant where p <0.001. The association also was statistically significant when 2 groups (standard & high risk) were considered as regards pattern of breastfeeding where x2=13.055, p =0.004. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that bottle feeding had the odds of 7.76 of being at high risk level for acute leukemia (OR=7.76, 95% CI 1.9-33.8). CONCLUSION: Exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding for one year are protective against acute childhood leukemia. Table 1. Bivariate and multivariate analysis for pattern & duration of breastfeeding of the studied children with acute leukemia and their controls. Pattern and duration of breastfeeding Bi variant variable Multivariate variable Type of feeding during the first 6 month of life. Cases (n=134) Control (n=134) Significance OR (95% CI) Significance No. % No. % X2 = 37.6 P>0.0001* 1 Exclusive BF 80 59.7 120 89.6 Predominant BF 26 19.4 13 9.7 1.67 (1.26 - 2.2)* X2 = 9.4 P=0.002* Complementary feeding 14 10.4 1 0.7 21 (2.8 - 436.4)* X2 = 16.13 P>0.0001* Bottle feeding 14 10.4 0 0 2.5 (2.1 - 2.9)* X2 = 19.12 P>0.0001* Duration of breastfeeding 0-≤ 3 month 2 1.7 0 0 X2 =15.331 MC P=0.0001* AN- FEP=0.18 =13.06 P=0.0003* X2=0.38 P=0.537 3-≤ 6 month 17 14.2 3 2.2 7.6 (2.1 - 33.8)* 6-12 month 16 13.3 17 12.7 1.26 0.6-2.8 More than 12 month 85 70.8 114 85.1 1 - X2: Chi-Square test FEP: Fisher's Exact test -NA-: Not Applicable *significant at P≤0.0 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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