Quality-Protein Maize as the Sole Source of Dietary Protein and Fat for Rapidly Growing Young Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Graham ◽  
Jorge Lembcke ◽  
Enrique Morales
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Quality Protein Maize ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Malnourished Children

Earlier studies demonstrated that quality protein maize (QPM), with increased lysine and tryptophan and decreased leucine contents, was more digestible and supported 45% greater nitrogen retention than common maize. Ten recovering malnourished children (ages 13 to 29 months, height-ages 5 to 15 months, weight-ages 3 to 11 months) have now received 90% of their diet energy and 100% of protein and fat from QPM. Energy intake was adjusted to allow them to reach the 50th centile of weight-for-length (according to the National Center for Health Statistics) in 90 days (two completed 60 days only). Growth was compared with that of 10 children receiving modified cow's milk formula (CMF). Energy intakes (QPM 110 ± 15, CMF 106 ± 12, corrected for absorption to 94 and 97 kcal/kg.d), crude energy costs of gain (43 ± 9 and 40 ± 10, corrected to 37 and 37 kcal/g), linear growth (1.23 ± 0.24 and 1.33 ± 0.26 cm/mo), gains in height-age (3.1 ± 0.7 and 3.3 ± 1.2 mo), weight gain (2.6 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.8 g/kg.d), and final sums of fat folds (24.3 ± 3.5 and 27.2 ± 2.9 mm) were not different. Gains in weight-age were greater (7.5 ± 2.3 vs 5.4 ± 1.6 months, P < .05) and serum albumin decreased (4.10 ± 0.24 to 3.77 ± 0.31 g/dL, P < .01) during QPM feeding. Plasma-free total essential amino acids and ratio of these to total essential amino acids were less after QPM than after CMF diets. Equal growth rates with QPM and CMF diets offer great potential for developing- and developed-country children.

Least cost diets to reduce nitrogen excretion by growing and finishing pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
R.M. Kay ◽  
P.A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Feeding Diets

In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that required by the pig, i.e. ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). An alternative approach to formulating diets would be to base the formulations on either: 1) currently available, commercial database values for ileal digestible EAA values of ingredients to achieve diets as close to ideal protein as possible but within least cost formulation constraints; or 2) ingredients limited simply to cereals and pulses and supplemented with crystalline EAA to formulate as close to ideal protein as possible. The object of the present experiment was to evaluate diets, formulated on this basis, in terms of nitrogen intake (NI), excretion (NE) and retention (NR) in pigs using balance studies.

An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Wang ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Ideal

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY IN WHEAT BY-PRODUCTS: DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN AND ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS BY THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Olsen ◽  
S. J. Slinger ◽  
J. D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Percentage Absorption ◽  
By Products

Two experiments were conducted with rats to evaluate the protein quality of a series of wheat by-products, which served as the sole source of protein in diets calculated to contain 10% protein. Digestibility of nitrogen and percentage absorption of amino acids were compared with weight gain, feed efficiency and net protein utilization (NPU) as criteria. Percentage absorption of different amino acids was found to vary considerably in the same protein. Of the essential amino acids, lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine had the lowest percentage absorption in all of the products tested. The results indicate that the amount of amino acids absorbed, as measured by the excretion method, may be a more satisfactory measure of protein quality than total amino acid content.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID MIXTURES EFFECTIVE PARENTERALLY FOR LONG CONTINUED PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION. CASEIN DIGESTS COMPARED

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
R. R. Woods ◽  
F. W. Shull ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Good Utilization ◽  
Rapid Injection

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of red cells suspended in saline (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications. The ten growth essential amino acids of Rose plus glycine will maintain nitrogen balance and produce as much new plasma protein as will good diet proteins. This good utilization is demonstrated over periods of several months when the amino acids are given either orally or parenterally. There is no evidence of toxicity in general nor to unnatural forms of these synthetic amino acids in particular. Given parenterally appropriate mixtures of these amino acids are well tolerated even upon rapid injection. The minimal daily requirements for a 10 kilo dog may be given intravenously in 10 minutes without reaction. Subcutaneously a 10 per cent solution may be given rapidly without reaction. Among various mixtures tested Vt approximates a minimum for a 10 kilo dog. It contains in grams (dl-threonine 0.7, dl-valine 1.5, l-(-) leucine 1.5, dl-isoleucine 1.4, dl-lysine hydrochloride 1.5, l(-) tryptophane 0.4, dl-phenylalanine 1.0, dl-methionine 0.6, l(+)-histidine hydrochloride 0.5, l(+)-arginine hydrochloride 0.5, and glycine 1.0. The presence of glycine improves tolerance to rapid intravenous injection, but excess glycine does not improve utilization of the mixture. Over a long period this mixture appears suboptimal in quantity. Doubled it is more than ample. Of two casein digests tested the one prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis provided good nitrogen retention and fairly good plasma protein production but was much less tolerable upon intravenous injection than certain mixtures of pure amino acids. The other one prepared by acid hydrolysis and tryptophane fortification afforded bare nitrogen equilibrium and produced virtually no plasma protein. Skin lesions observed after 10 to 20 weeks of synthetic diet probably reflect a deficiency of some member or members of the vitamin B2 group. A persistent slight weight loss in the face of a strongly positive nitrogen balance may accompany this deficiency.

scholarly journals The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
D. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten calves (50–58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine requirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively.2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: other essential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen and amino acids in calves fed semi-purified diets containing urea, uric acid or soya-bean meal

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. L. Jacobs ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySemi-purified diets containing urea (diet A), uric acid (diet B) or soya-bean meal (diet C) as the sole source of nitrogen were fed to two Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. Total collections of digesta leaving the abomasum were made over 24-h periods.The flow of organic matter to the duodenum expressed as a percentage of intake increased from 35·8% (diet A) and 40·6% (diet B) for the non-protein nitrogen diets to 58·3% for diet C. A greater proportion of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred in the forestomachs of the calves when fed diets A or B than when they were fed diet C.The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum expressed as a percentage of intake showed a significant increase (P< 0·05) from 65·4% for diet A to 84·4% for diet B and 85·1% for diet C. When diets B and C were fed to the calves a greater proportion of the apparent digestion of nitrogen occurred in the hindgut than when they were fed diet A. The synthesis of microbial protein was 13·9 g and 13·0 g for every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomach when the calves were fed diets B and C and only 10·9 g when the calves were fed diet A.A significantly (P< 0·05) greater proportion of dry matter of the digesta at the duodenum was composed of amino acids on diet C (19·5%) than diet A (16·1%) with the proportion of essential amino acids (especially threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine) also being greater. The amino acid composition of the digesta dry matter on diet B was intermediate (17·2%).From the data presented, it was predicted that cystine and histidine were the first limiting amino acids for growth when the calves were fed the non-protein nitrogen diets (A and B).

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SILAGE PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND PLASMA AMINO ACID RATIOS IN THE CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE BY LAMBS FED ENSILED AND FRESH ALFALFA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. FLORES ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Particle Length

Alfalfa (30% dry matter) was harvested with a particle length of 0.6 cm, conserved fresh (frozen) or as silage and fed to eight lambs during two 27-d periods. The ensiling process resulted in substantial degradation of lysine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine in the original herbage. Isoleucine, leucine and valine resisted degradation during ensilage. As a consequence of these changes, the ratios of tyrosine: large neutral amino acids and tyrosine: phenylalanine (TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE) were markedly lower in ensiled compared to fresh alfalfa (0.035 vs. 0.051 and 0.235 vs. 0.313, respectively) but these ratios in plasma were higher (P < 0.05) with silage than with fresh forage (0.114 vs. 0.095 and 1.020 vs. 0.997). Ensiling of alfalfa resulted in a 19% reduction in silage intake but the response did not correlate with changes in plasma ratios of TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE. Nitrogen retention was 27% lower with ensiled than with fresh alfalfa. Plasma levels of branched chain and other essential amino acids tended to be higher with fresh than ensiled forage but the difference was not significant. It is concluded that the reduction in food intake with alfalfa silage was unrelated to changes in specific ratios of amino acids in plasma but could be related to the supply of essential amino acids to the intestine of lambs. Key words: Silage intake, lambs, nitrogen balance, plasma amino acids, alfalfa

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document