scholarly journals Structural organization of sacred landscapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscape ◽  
Special Respect

The article presents the results of scientific developments concerning the structural organization of sacred landscapes. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of constructive-geographic analysis, which is based on the approaches of the natural and the humanitarian sciences. The system approach to the study of sacred landscapes as a holistic organized territorial structure and a set of methods is used in this work, in particular: structural and logical generalization and system analysis, comparative and geographical, historical and geographical. The author considers the significance of the notion of sacral landscape as being broader than religion per se, and considers it a natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic system associated with certain symbols of life, myths, significant events, and , indeed ,religious feelings that are of great importance to a person or group of people and requires special respect and protection. The structural organization of all sacred landscapes is characterized  by their properties and spatial structure and is closely connected with their social and functional purpose. As a result, such territorial systems can be divided into: confessional, taphal, active, abnormal. The sacred landscape is characterized by polystructurality, that is, the presence of spatial, temporal and morphological structure. In the spatial structure of the sacral landscape, the following components can be distinguished: the sacred object, anthropogenic and technogenic component, the landscape structure and a person with his/   her spiritual experience. In addition, such a structure has a hierarchical construction, where individual, local, regional, national and global levels can be distinguished. This article presents the peculiarities of the temporal structure of sacral landscapes and outlines the external, internal, and the functioning time. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic of internal time, where one can distinguish the following phases of development: the formation of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the creation of a spiritual component; loss of sacred human perception of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the disappearance of the natural or natural- anthropogenic landscape. Taking into account the morphological structure of the sacred landscape, it is substantiated that religious objects serving as markers of sacred landscapes cannot correspond to one or another morphological unit of the landscape, that is, completely repeat its outlines and boundaries. However, there is a correlation between the type of landscape and the features of the sacred objects that were formed there.

scholarly journals SACRAL LANDSCAPE: CONTENTS AND FUNCTIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
O. Mischenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Special Respect ◽  
Religious Objects

The relevance of the research of scientific approaches to the content of the notion of sacred landscape, its structure and functions are substantiated. The article considers the sacral landscape as a holistic, stable system characterized by spatial and temporal organization, which ensures the process of uniting the nation, preserves authentic culture, opposes the destruction of spiritual foundations, has a great social, economic and political significance. We established the interdisciplinary nature of the investigation, which covers a wide range of issues related to various scientific disciplines: geography, social theory, culture, philosophical anthropology. The analysis of scientific publications concerning the interpretation of the concept of sacred and its etymology has been studied. The difference between the concepts of sacred and religious is substantiated. The content of the concept of sacredness, which gives people, actions, territory and other objects of such quality that separates them from the ordinary things and places them in the position of exceptional value and significance and on this basis requires an exceptional attitude, is determined. The modern approaches to the interpretation of the notion of the sacral landscape are investigated. It has been established that a large proportion of the sacred space belongs to religious objects. The main instruments of the “sacralization” of the landscape are identified – symbolization, myth and event that gives it an extremely valuable (holy) meaning. The experience of using the integrated approach in the interpretation of the notion of sacral landscape is substantiated. The definition of where the sacred landscape is considered as a natural, natural-anthropogenic, anthropogenic system, which is associated with certain life symbols, myths, significant events, religious feelings, is extremely valuable for a person or group of people and needs a special respect and protection. The results of the investigation indicate that the sacred landscape can be considered as a system that has a spatial-hierarchical structure, where we can distinguish individual, local, regional, national and global levels. The examples of sacred landscapes of different levels are given. The analysis of scientific publications about the functions of sacred geographical objects is carried out. It was established that such researches were based on the influence of sacred geographical objects on visitors, which testifies the integrity of interconnections in the complex system “man-landscape”. The leading approaches to classification of landscape functions are investigated. The classification of functions of the sacred landscape is developed, classes and subclasses of such functions are singled out. The political, social, economic and ecological functions of the sacred landscape, that have an environment formative role are characterized. The functions presented in the article have a theoretical value, since in practice there are close interrelationships between them, that is, they integrate and complement each other.

scholarly journals Coordination of the professional activities in the management system of urban development

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 04036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Planning Concepts

The relevance of the scientific research is the need to create a coordinating system that ensures the unification of the interests of the participants of urban planning activities (scientists, planners, designers, authorities, investors, educational institutions, residents) for the organized performance of professional functions.The purpose of creating such a system is to make the actions of the participants of urban planning activities coherent when making decisions based on a unified approach to the development of diverse planning concepts for the development of the territorial-spatial structure of the settlements that effectively take into account the socio-economic and environmental conditions for the development of society. To develop the coordinating system, the system analysis method was used, including a differentiated and comprehensive account of the patterns of interconnection between the components of the model of the structural organization of the settlements when carrying out urban planning activities in accordance with the urban planning policy.

scholarly journals DEM Based Study on Shielded Astronomical Solar Radiation and Possible Sunshine Duration under Terrain Influences on Mars by Using Spectral Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Siwei Lin ◽  
Nan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Planetary Science ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Critical Area ◽  
Martian Surface ◽  
Test Region

Solar radiation may be shielded by the terrain relief before reaching the Martian surface, especially over some rugged terrains. Yet, to date, no comprehensive studies on the spatial structure of shielded astronomical solar radiation (SASR) and the possible sunshine duration (PSD) on Mars have been conducted by previous researchers. Previous studies generally ignored the influences of the terrain on the SASR and PSD, which resulted in a corresponding unexplored field on SASR. The purpose of this paper is to study the Martian spatial-temporal structure of SASR and the PSD under terrain influences. In this paper, the theory of Earth’s SASR, the previous Martian SASR model and the theory of planetary science were combined to propose the SASR model that can be applied to Mars. Then, with the spectrum method theory of geography, we defined two new concepts of spectrums to explore the spatial-temporal distribution of SASR and PSD in different Martian landforms. We found SASR and PSD on Mars were significantly influenced by terrain relief and latitude and showed sufficient regularity, which can be concluded as a gradual attenuation with terrain relief and a regularity of latitude anisotropy. The latitude anisotropy feature is a manifestation of the terrain shielding effect. With the latitude varying, SASR and PSD at different temporal scale generally showed different features with those of Earth, which may be attributed to the imbalanced seasons caused by Martian moving orbits and velocity. Compared to PSD, SASR showed more regular variation under terrain relief and was more influenced by the terrain relief which revealed that SASR is more sensitive to terrain relief than PSD. Additionally, the critical area is a quantitative index to reflect the stable spatial structure of SASR and PSD in different landforms and may be viewed as the minimum test region of sample areas. The corresponding result of the experiments herein indicated that either spectrum can effectively depict the spatial-temporal distribution of SASR and PSD on Mars under terrain relief and deepen the understanding of the variation of SASR and PSD influences by terrain. The critical area of either spectrum can be employed to explore and determine the stable spatial structure of SASR and PSD in different landforms. The proposed Martian SASR model and the new spectral method theory shed new light on revealing the spatial-temporal structure of SASR and PSD under terrain influences on Mars.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CULINARY TERMINOLOGY AND PECULIARITIES OF ITS TRANSLATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Оксана Гусейнова ◽  
Людмила Шевченко
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Current State ◽  
Translation Techniques

The article is devoted to the study of culinary terminology, which represents a systematically, thematically, semantically organized system of terminological units that reflect the current state of scientific concepts of cooking. Culinary terminology embodies the general trends of terminology, and also has certain specific features in Spanish and Ukrainian. In the studied terminology, according to the thematic principle, four different groups of culinary terms are defined. The analysis of the structural organization of the culinary terminological system, as well as knowledge of the morphological structure of terms and semantic features that distinguish them from common words are important for proper understanding and translation of culinary terms which are divided into those that have translation equivalents and those that require transformational translation techniques. It was established that descriptive translation, loan translation and transcoding are transformational methods of reproduction of culinary terms from the original language.

scholarly journals Detection of temporal structure depends on spatial structure

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (18) ◽  
pp. 3033-3048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hun Lee ◽  
Randolph Blake
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Temporal Structure

scholarly journals Generating Robust Audio Adversarial Examples with Temporal Dependency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongting Zhang ◽  
Pan Zhou ◽  
Qiben Yan ◽  
Xiao-Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
User Study ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Adversarial Examples

Audio adversarial examples, imperceptible to humans, have been constructed to attack automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. However, the adversarial examples generated by existing approaches usually incorporate noticeable noises, especially during the periods of silences and pauses. Moreover, the added noises often break temporal dependency property of the original audio, which can be easily detected by state-of-the-art defense mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a new Iterative Proportional Clipping (IPC) algorithm that preserves temporal dependency in audios for generating more robust adversarial examples. We are motivated by an observation that the temporal dependency in audios imposes a significant effect on human perception. Following our observation, we leverage a proportional clipping strategy to reduce noise during the low-intensity periods. Experimental results and user study both suggest that the generated adversarial examples can significantly reduce human-perceptible noises and resist the defenses based on the temporal structure.

The Siberian Village of Okunevo as a Place of Power and its Sacred Landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Julia Senina
Keyword(s):  
New Age ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
New Religious Movements ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Specific Interpretation ◽  
The Village

Abstract The paper deals with contemporary places of power and New Age sacred landscapes in Russia.* It focuses on the Siberian village of Okunevo, its sacred sites, and their worshippers. Formation of this place of power was a result of the activity of individuals (both academics and adherents of new religious movements), combined with the specific interpretation of archaeological sites and the natural landscape of the area. The landscape around the village of Okunevo affects the interaction of people with the sacred loci and the ways the signs, symbols and narratives about them are created.

scholarly journals Characterization of dynamic evolution of the spatio-temporal variation of rain-field in Hong Kong

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Yeou-Koung Tung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Geostatistical Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal

A significant part of Hong Kong has hilly terrain with relatively short flow concentration time and, hence, is susceptible to the threat of flash floods and landslides during intense convective thunderstorms and tropical cyclones. For places like Hong Kong, a rainfall model that could adequately capture small-scale temporal and spatial variations would be highly desirable. The main challenge in rain-field modeling is to capture and describe the dynamic time-space evolution of the rainfall during rainstorm events. In this study, radar data with a high spatial (1 km2) and temporal (6 min) resolution of four rainstorm events in Hong Kong are analyzed. A geostatistical approach based on indicator variograms of rain-fields is used. The spatial structure of a rain-field is found to be highly anisotropic and should be adequately considered in the model. Variability of the spatial structure of a rain-field was described well by the main features of the variograms. Moreover, it is possible to identify whether multiple rainstorm centers exist by comparing the mean length and range. In order to establish reliable statistics on the spatial and temporal structure of rain-fields in Hong Kong, this approach could be applied to a large set of rainstorm events in this same region in the future.

scholarly journals Recording and Reconstructing the Sacred Landscapes of Sicilian Naxos

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 416-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari Pakkanen ◽  
Maria Costanza Lentini ◽  
Apostolos Sarris ◽  
Esko Tikkala ◽  
Meropi Manataki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The City

AbstractIn recent years, an on-going project investigating the urban landscape of Naxos has surveyed and produced several new digital reconstructions of the settlement’s simple non-peripteral temples, most with highly decorative roofs. Three Archaic sacred buildings of Sicilian Naxos are used to demonstrate different approaches to recording the remains and reconstructing their architectural features. This work reflects changes in digital strategies over the past ten years. Tempietto H is a small shrine located outside the city’s boundaries and the site is currently inaccessible, so its reconstruction is based on excavation documentation and roof terracottas. The visible half of Tempietto C was documented using three-dimensional line-drawing with total stations and photogrammetry; the back-filled south-western part was surveyed with ground penetrating radar. Temple B is the largest sacred structure in Naxos. A geophysical survey gives new data on the eastern extent of the sanctuary. The area has been recorded with handheld and aerial photography to create a three-dimensional model of the sanctuary. A new orthogonal grid of the city was established circa 470 BCE and a rectangular base was placed in the south-east corner of every crossroad. These bases were the starting point for the plan, and their interpretation as altars converts the entire urban plan into a sacred landscape.

SACRED LANDSCAPES AND BUILDING PRACTICES AT UCI, KANCAB, AND UCANHA, YUCATAN, MEXICO

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Hutson ◽  
Jacob A. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Sacred Landscapes

AbstractDuring the emergence of regional hierarchy around the site of Uci in northwest Yucatan, Mexico, ordinary people affected power relations in at least two ways. First, in the Late Preclassic and Early Classic periods, Uci had the largest ceremonial center and the largest population within a 20 km radius. Uci also physically linked itself to smaller settlements, such as Kancab and Ucanha, by means of a broad stone causeway. Yet Kancab and Ucanha's quadripartite placement of causeways and central plaza suggests that its households created a sacred landscape that gave them a degree of ritual autonomy. Ordinary people impacted power relations a second way by participating in the development of the megalithic architectural style, which was used in the region's most authoritative buildings. The use of this style in domestic platforms illustrates the ability of modest households to make their own decisions and to act in ways that constituted society at large.

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