scholarly journals Gender inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Natalia Kostiuk ◽  
Olena Antoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.

scholarly journals Gender Discrimination and Its Impacts in Macro-Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Savitri Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
National Economy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World

Gender refers to the complex social construction of men’s and women’s identities. Sex and gender are different. The biological or physical construction is sex, which is created by nature. Gender is  purely a social construct. Gender Equality is a concept that is yet to be materialized. Around the world different individuals and groups of people are marginalized and discriminated on the basis of various factors, but discrimination against women is universal. Due to this, women are not able to use their full potential or assert their rights to live healthy life, and it has a deep impact in economic development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basic of economic development. Gender inequality is a severe obstacle to socio-economic development, human capital development and income generation. Gender inequality is harmful to long term development and growth. Unequal gender will never alone be sufficient for poverty reduction and economic development. Gender discrimination not only affects females but males as well. The discriminatory practices do not only affect individuals but national economy and world economy as a whole. Due to stereotypical division of work most men are over loaded with economic duties, while women are being limited to household works only. Fifty per cent of the world population is over-loaded with economic duties, while fifty per cent of the brain is underutilized. The economic value of the household work which is done by females is not calculated and reflected in a country’s economy. This devalues the effort and work done by females and also is loss for the national economy. Education and development goes together, for a better balance of gender, educational equality is must. Education is key factor to promote human capital, which ensures economic growth. Formal education, trainings, study programs improves the capacity of individuals to live a decent life, which is the basic of development. Gender will never alone be sufficient for development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basis of economic development.

scholarly journals Applying the Data Modeling Tools for the Gender Inequality Analysis in the IT-industry in Ukraine and Worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (512) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
O. I. Shchepilova ◽  
◽  
M. V. Korol ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
The World

Nowadays, the information-technology industry is one of the most masculine and asymmetrical in the world labor market. The fact of having male workers in more prestigious and highly paid positions is proved, while female workers are more represented in low-profitable sectors of the economy (healthcare, education, social services, etc.). The article is aimed at researching the status of gender inequality in the IT sphere in the labor market of both Ukraine and the world by means of modeling tools. The publication analyzes the current status of gender segregation of labor in the sphere of information technology worldwide and in Ukraine. The relevance of the research on the process of functioning of companies engaged in foreign economic activity is substantiated. Using statistics of the most technological companies in the world (Amazon, Microsoft, etc.) it is proved that the average share of women in the companies comprises 30-40% of all employees. Gender inequality, as it has been proven, harms the business of companies around the world. Replacing female employees who resigned from a job because of the inability to build a career increases business costs and slows down the activities of individual projects and/or companies in general. At present, most large international companies deliberately perceive the need to achieve gender equilibrium among their employees. Despite numerous measures that have a positive impact on the involvement of women in the IT market, there are factors in the global labor market that increase gender discrimination, as emphasized in the article. Economic-mathematical models of the process are built up using multiple regression with panel data. With the help of the appropriate criteria, the quality of the built up models has been proven. Economic interpretation of the results is provided. Prospects for further research in this direction are described.

EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT TO WORK IN CONDITIONS OF ACTUAL GENDER INEQUALITY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Krasiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Level ◽  
Social Attitude ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to gender inequality in the world of work, which is not the least important issue. It examines the problems of developing measures to prevent gender discrimination. Recently, there has been considerable activity in the development of provisions in legislation to prevent such inequality and to address the above-mentioned problems. However, the question remains as to how to realize these declared opportunities and rights in labour relations. In practice, a different situation can be observed. Women are less likely than men to be employed in high-paying jobs and to be promoted. Most employers continue to give preference to men because of the risk of women interrupting their working and losing their qualifications due to childbirth or caring for them in the event of illness. Women are the first to be fired when redundancies occur and are forced to seek employment in the informal sector of the economy, to perform low-status, low-paid jobs without the social guarantees laid down by the State or to seek employment abroad, exposed and humiliated while neglecting and educating their children [1]. Gender equality is a central indicator of the development of each country. In order to deal with some of the issuesrelated to gender inequality in employment in this article, taking into account international experience and recommendations, the following possible ways to address this issue were identified, such as the specification and increase of offences, imposition of forced measures in case of violation of the principle of non-discrimination based on gender. Gender inequality has also been recognized at the international level. The article analyses international standards and recommendations and identifies ways to address this issue in selected European countries. Changes in the regulation of gender relations are taking place through the introduction of state programmes to cope with gender inequality. Unfortunately, most of the provisions of these programmes are declarative. Gender inequality and socio-economic and political discrimination against women cannot be addressed by State reforms alone. A change in social attitude and the achievement of a balance between guaranteeing, and ensuring benefits may lead to the elimination of discrimination in the labour market.

Gains and Losses: The Impact of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action on the Legal Status of Kenyan Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Nancy Baraza ◽  
Karen Koech
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
The World ◽  
Kenyan Women ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPFA) or ‘the Platform for Action’ (PFA) of 1995 is the landmark blueprint on how the globe intends to achieve a solution to the never-ending debate regarding equality of the sexes. In 1995, women globally gathered at the Chinese capital, Beijing, for the monumental Fourth World Conference on Women. They agreed on the BDPFA, through which they forged an elaborate path towards gender equality and women’s empowerment. From the first wave of feminism in the nineteenth century to the current #MeToo movement, it is apparent that the realisation of gender equality is a marathon and not a sprint. The 2015 Report of the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General on the 20-year review and appraisal of the implementation of the BDPFA irrefutably brings this reality to light. The PFA has seen significant reforms in both laws and regulations in many states aimed at attaining gender equality over the years. However, these reforms do not match the magnitude of the efforts put into the fight to achieve equality; the world is still lagging. In Kenya, there has been a remarkable shift in the laws and regulations providing for gender equality and non-discrimination after the BDPFA. The dawn of the current genderresponsive constitutional dispensation has seen the enactment of several statutes that specifically address issues that have historically perpetuated patriarchy and disempowered women in Kenya. In attempting to implement these laws, the country has unveiled the roots of gender discrimination and highlighted the dangers of disregarding other nuances of this form of inequality such as economic, social, legal, and cultural factors and the intersectional nature of gender imparity. The impact of the BDPFA on the legal status of women in Kenya is evident; the implementation, however, has presented a few challenges as a result of the distinctive difficulties encountered by Kenyan women and the existing Kenyan legal system.

scholarly journals Prospects for the development of gender budgeting in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
O. Cheberyako ◽  
O. Hnatiuk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
First Results ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Budgeting

The essence of the gender-oriented budgeting method as a kind of result-oriented budgeting is determined; its main characteristics are revealed, such as the focus on gender equality, analysis of the impact of policies on women and men, differentiation of income and expenditure by gender, etc. The problem of gender inequality in Ukraine through the prism of the dynamics of the average wage in Ukraine for women and men during 2012–2020, the level of employment and unemployment by sex during 2012–2020, gender segregation of vocational training, and limited access of women to certain types of professions are analyzed. Theoretical and methodological principles of gender budgeting and prerequisites for its introduction in the budget process of Ukraine are studied. The first results of the implementation of gender budgeting in Ukraine are presented, namely: the main legal documents adopted in the framework of gender budgeting, shows in which areas complete and passports of budget programs taking into account the gender aspects have already been drawn up and adopted, etc. Examples of the functioning of gender budgeting in foreign countries are highlighted. The need for further changes in the budget process of Ukraine through the prism of gender equality, which will improve the efficiency of budget funds, ensure the equality between men and women, as well as a fair distribution of budget expenditures by gender.

scholarly journals Gender Equality as One of the Factors Influencing the Social and Economic Development of Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
L. Memesheva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
High Level

Achieving gender equality remains one of the most important tasks of the state policy of Uzbekistan. The country maintains a position with a high level of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. The article reviews and identifies the main reasons for maintaining gender inequality, as well as positive changes in the provision of equal rights in the field of gender relations.

scholarly journals Discrimination Against Urban Women: A Case Study Of Karachi

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Fateh Muhammad Burfat ◽  
Naima Saeed ◽  
Ghulam Muhammad Burfat
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social

Gender inequality exists in Pakistan as a phenomenon that does not allow women equality of opportunity in the public and private sphere and also keeps women in very subjugated roles within the public and in private relationships. These factors can affect women’s access to education, employment, to career advancement and to their possibilities of holding positions of political power and roles of social and cultural esteem. Although gender equality may have progressed somewhat in the modern world but it is still an issue of great urgency in other parts of the world as well as in Pakistan, that is the focus of this study. This research investigates the types and consequences of gender discrimination that exist. The findings from the study suggest that the urban women in the sample of the present study still struggle for gender equality with men in Pakistan. The results show that in a number of areas, in both family and public life, they are still seen by many as second class citizens; and see their own autonomy and opportunities as limited. The social class of urban women in Pakistan is strongly related to their opportunities. Urban women from upper and middle class backgrounds enjoy more autonomy and equality in their lives as compare to women from poor backgrounds. These findings tend to support historical data in relation to women in Pakistan.

Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Oleksii V. Lyulyov ◽  
Oleksandra I. Karintseva ◽  
Andrii V. Yevdokymov ◽  
Hanna S. Ponomarova ◽  
Oleksandr O. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Enterprise Performance ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic and sustainability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueli Wei ◽  
Lijing Li ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Pumping elephantThe COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the lives of people around the world in millions of ways . Due to this severe epidemic, all countries in the world have been affected by all aspects, mainly economic. It is widely discussed that the COVID-19 outbreak has affected the world economy. When considering this dimension, this study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy, socio-economics, and sustainability. In addition, the research focuses on multiple aspects of social well-being during the pandemic, such as employment, poverty, the status of women, food security, and global trade. To this end, the study used time series and cross-sectional analysis of the data. The second-hand data used in this study comes from the websites of major international organizations. From the analysis of secondary data, the conclusion of this article is that the impact of the pandemic is huge. The main finding of the thesis is that the social economy is affected by the pandemic, causing huge losses in terms of economic well-being and social capital.

Benson and Miller in Perspective

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 242-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Kuklick
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Stock Of Knowledge

Despite differences in coloration Miller and Benson are birds of a feather. Although he is no Pollyanna, Miller believes that there has been a modest and decent series of advances in the social sciences and that the most conscientious, diligent, and intelligent researchers will continue to add to this stock of knowledge. Benson is much more pessimistic about the achievements of yesterday and today but, in turn, offers us the hope of a far brighter tomorrow. Miller explains Benson’s hyperbolic views about the past and future by distinguishing between pure and applied science and by pointing out Benson’s naivete about politics: the itch to understand the world is different from the one to make it better; and, Miller says, because Benson sees that we have not made things better, he should not assume we do not know more about them; Benson ought to realize, Miller adds, that the way politicians translate basic social knowledge into social policy need not bring about rational or desirable results. On the other side, Benson sees more clearly than Miller that the development of science has always been intimately intertwined with the control of the environment and the amelioration of the human estate.

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