scholarly journals Troops of the Central States in Ukraine (1918): cases of violations and material damage

2018 ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
T. V. Malynovska ◽  
B. V. Malynovsky
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Material Damage ◽  
Coercive Measures ◽  
Official Position ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Food Procurement ◽  
Military Command ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The purpose of the study is to find out the amount of losses inflicted in 1918 to the Ukrainian treasury and private individuals by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. The research is based on the data that had been collected by Hetman P. Skoropadsky`s Ukrainian Government. In 1918 the population of Ukraine was subjected to penalties by the troops of the Central States in Ukraine. The military units seized the property of the former tsarist army as military loot, requisitioned and confiscated property of the local population. In some cases, in this way the troops carried out orders of their military command about using of coercive measures in food procurement and protective actions conducting. In other cases, soldiers and officers acted according to their own initiative using their official position for enrichment and their benefit. Both cases contradicted Ukrainian laws and agreements about procedure of Central States troops staying in Ukraine. According to the hetman authorities, the most common violation of law was committed by withdrawal of food. Among the incidents related to foreign troops, the greatest damage was caused by explosions at ammunition depots in Kiev (6 of June, 1918) and Odessa (31st of August – 1st of September, 1918). Since the troops of the Central States were responsible for protection of ammunition in both Kiev and Odessa, they were responsible for the incident and for damage recovery. The Ukrainian authorities calculated that the total amount of losses that the Austro-Hungarian and German troops had inflicted to Ukraine in 1918 was 6 921 520 241 rubles (DM 7 690 578 046).

scholarly journals Frontier Army of the Late Roman Empire in the Mid-4th c. A.D. (Case of Isauria and the Rhine Frontier): on the Ways of Territorial Deployment of Military Units

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Mekhamadiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ammianus Marcellinus ◽  
Mountain Landscape ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Late Roman ◽  
Roman Administration

Introduction. During the whole 4th c. the Late Roman frontier military units constantly took part in military campaigns against different enemies of the Empire, hovewer the author of this paper asks the question how precisely frontier military units managed their service, i.e. which functions they exercised and how they interacted to local civilian population of the province where they stood in. The author believes that a set of functions depended foremost on the location landscape. Methods and materials. The author applies the comparison approach, i.e. compares the peculiarities of two regions where the frontier armies stood: Isauria at the southeast of Asia Minor (mountain landscape) and Upper Germany at the Rhine frontier (mainly plain territory). The source accounts are “The Life of St. Conon of Isauria” (hagiography), an important inscription of Julian the Caesar (future Emperor Julian the Apostate) from Upper Germany (epigraphy) and the work of Ammianus Marcellinus “The Deeds” (Res gestae). Analysis. The author compares evidence on the military arrangement of two provinces and considers how their frontier units defended these lands from external and internal enemies, how they interacted to local population and how precisely they located in its forts. Conclusions. As a result the author concludes that the Roman administration could not place a large number of regular military units in Isauria, because this province had not enough fertile plain lands, this region suffered from the lack of food supply. The hard and cruel mountain landscape enforced to make the bands of irregular city militia – in the case of Isaurian assaults citizens formed military detachments, which were temporarily attached to regular units called vexillations. In contrast, at the Rhine frontier, where there were enough fertile flat lands, the Roman administration might place many regular units and, moreover, this region received detachments from expeditionary troops. In other words, the Roman administration had enough food supply to maintain a high number of regular frontier garrisons.

scholarly journals Punitive Policy of North-West Army and Its Implementation on the Approaches to Petrograd in Autumn of 1919

2020 ◽  
pp. 420-433
Author(s):  
I. S. Ratkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
White Terror ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The article analyzes the information about the punitive practice of the North-West Army in autumn of 1919 on the outskirts of Petrograd. Comments are made on the events that took place in the largest Petrograd suburbs - Gatchina, Pavlovsk, Detsky Selo and other closely located settlements after their transfer to the control of the White Army. It is noted that it was there that mass cases of capital punishment were recorded. The dynamics of the White repressions during the offensive on Petrograd is traced. It is reported that cases of release at the request of the local population were recorded. The novelty of the study is seen in attracting new sources to write the article. The article is based on the materials of a special commission to identify cases of white terror, recollections of residents of cities and military units, orders of the white command. Quantitative data on cases of white terror revealed at that time are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the facts of violence against the Jewish population. Statistics on the use of the death penalty are provided. The conclusion is made that the punitive practice of this period was carried out by the military courts, and to an even greater extent - through unprotected executions by the officers.

THE MODERN VISION ON THE SYSTEM OF ASSESMENT OF THE MORALPSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF PERSONNEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
V. Aleschenko ◽  
E. Naval’onij
Keyword(s):  
General System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Modern Vision ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Military Teams ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The article covers the issue of assessment of the moral-psychological state of personnel of the military units of the ArmedForces of Ukraine, within the framework of a general system of moral psychological support to the activity of troops (forces). Ithas been stipulated that the system of assessment has not been sufficiently developed in terms of modern military theory andpractices. The modern new approach is defined by scrutinizing the issue under research as a complex social system of militarypurpose.The main of its elements are under analyses considering the experience of the Armies of countries that are NATO-members. Itis mentioned that the main subjects of the system of assessment of the moral-psychological state of personnel are thecommanders (chiefs) and officers of the structures of moral-psychological support. Based on the analyses of differentapproaches towards the research of the moral-psychological state, it has been determined that the moral psychological state ofpersonnel – as a complex of ongoing psychological possibilities of military personnel and military teams, aimed at solving aparticular task which is the most important object of the system. The existing methods of assessment of the moral-psychologicalstate of personnel which have been under research are based on traditional methods of informational gathering and requiresimplification and automatization for a qualitive processing and interpretation of results.The necessity to improve the main elements of the system of assessment of the moral-psychological state of personnel ofmilitary units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the course of training and carrying out tasks in accordance with their purposeand its further adaptation to the standards of NATO military command has been pointed out.It has been determined, that the effective functioning of the system of assessment of the moral-psychological state is toassure the timely gathering, generalization and interpreting of data regarding to the moral readiness and psychological capabilityof the personnel of military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to perform combat tasks as such to be included in the coursetaking decisions of command and control.There are argumented recommendations provided on the improvement of the system of assessment of the moralpsychologicalstate of the military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMAND, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS. TO CONTINUE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OR TO REMAIN IN SAME FIELD

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1887-1891
Author(s):  
Todor Kalinov
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Content Management ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Power Comparison ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Systems ◽  
Military Command ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

Management and Command253 are two different words and terms, but military structures use them as synonyms. Military commanders’ authorities are almost equal in meaning to civilian managers’ privileges and power. Comparison between military command and the civilian management system structure, organization, and way of work shows almost full identity and overlapping. The highest in scale and size military systems are national ministries of defense and multinational military alliances and coalitions. Military systems at this level combine military command structures with civilian political leadership and support elements. Therefore, they incorporate both military command and civilian management organizations without any complications, because their nature originated from same source and have similar framework and content. Management of organizations requires communication in order to plan, coordinate, lead, control, and conduct all routine or extraordinary activities. Immediate long-distance communications originated from telegraphy, which was firstly applied in 19th century. Later, long-distance communications included telephony, aerial transmitting, satellite, and last but not least internet data exchange. They allowed immediate exchange of letters, voice and images, bringing to new capabilities of the managers. Their sophisticated technical base brought to new area of the military command and civilian management structures. These area covered technical and operational parts of communications, and created engineer sub-field of science, that has become one of the most popular educations, worldwide. Communications were excluded from the military command and moved to separate field, named Computers and Communications. A historic overview and analysis of the command and management structures and requirements shows their relationships, common origin, and mission. They have significant differences: management and control are based on humanities, natural and social sciences, while communications are mainly based on engineering and technology. These differences do not create enough conditions for defragmentation of communications from the management structures. They exist together in symbiosis and management structures need communications in order to exist and multiply their effectiveness and efficiency. Future defragmentation between military command and communications will bring risks of worse coordination, need for more human resources, and worse end states. These risks are extremely negative for nations and should be avoided by wide appliance of the education and science among nowadays and future leaders, managers, and commanders.

MATERIAL RESOURCES IN THE MILITARY LOGISTICS SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
V. Makhankov ◽  
A. Maltsev ◽  
A. Kupriniuk ◽  
V. Obertas
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Military Logistics ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Material Separation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The current stage of reforming the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AF) confirms that the crisis in the country's economy has significantly affected the system of logistics of troops, which ensures its main task – to maintain the combat readiness of military units and ensure their livelihood in peacetime. The war in the east of the country and the existing state of providing troops showed the need to improve the organization and management of the process of logistical (technical, rear and medical) provision of training and combat use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which is currently in the phase of perspective changes and necessitates the development of a new concept of military information management and logistical flows, which will be implemented by a new, more efficient structure, called the "military logistics system". The purpose of the article is to determine the directions for the creation and accumulation of an optimal nomenclature of stocks of material resources in peacetime and their rational separation at the tactical, operational and strategic levels of management. The article describes the contents of the concepts of "logistics", "echelon", "stocking", "operational accounting". Important tasks of modern conditions of process of creation and management of stocks in the course of reforming of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are systematized; variants of the offered models of inventory management are outlined. The goal is achieved through theoretical and experimental research on volume optimization and material separation at all levels of management, which is one of the key problems of military logistics.

R2P's Missing Link, Culture

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rama Mani ◽  
Thomas G. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Global South ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military ◽  
Universal Norm

AbstractCulture has been absent from analyses and debates about the responsibility to protect (R2P) norm. The use of the military to enforce a no-fly zone in Libya and to protect civilians took place with support from the local population and more widely across the Arab World even when the dominant 'culture' supposedly made outside interference unthinkable. As R2P enters its second decade, a deeper understanding of culture is desirable, as is the incorporation of cultural perspectives in framing responses to mass atrocities. UN debates and resolutions have helped dispel myths about R2P and reaffirmed its validity as a universal norm that is close to a 'tipping point'. Instead of an 'emerging' norm (the original contention in 2001 by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty), R2P has 'emerged' as consensus continues to widen and deepen across the North and the global South. This essay shares insights from research about cultural perspectives in the global South from local researchers who explore three themes (religion and spirituality, philosophy and ethics, and art and aesthetics) and three country cases (Rwanda, Kosovo, and Nepal).

Bonaparte’s Expedition to Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) and His Policy towards Local Christians

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.А. Кириллина ◽  
Д.Р. Жантиев
Keyword(s):  
French Army ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
French Military ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Religious War

В статье рассматриваются основные аспекты политики французского военного командования в отношении христианских общин Османского Египта и Османской Сирии во время экспедиции Бонапарта (1798–1801 гг.). Особое внимание уделено замыслам Бонапарта и его преемников на посту главнокомандующего по привлечению египетских и сирийских христиан к сотрудничеству с французской оккупационной администрацией в качестве чиновников и солдат вспомогательных военных отрядов. Также в статье рассматривается французская пропаганда в сопоставлении с практическими действиями в отношении египетских коптов и сирийских христиан наряду с ответной реакцией со стороны как христианских общин, так и мусульманского большинства населения Османского Египта и Османской Сирии. Выявлены противоречия и двойственность политики Бонапарта и его преемников на посту главнокомандующего Восточной армии – Клебера и Мену в отношении местных христиан. Французское командование рассматривало восточных христиан как потенциальных союзников, но в то же время не решалось выражать к ним особые симпатии, поскольку подобные действия могли вызвать возмущение среди мусульманского большинства населения и создать впечатление, что французы ведут религиозную войну против ислама и мусульман. В статье сделан вывод о том, что эта непоследовательность стала одной из причин неудачи египетской экспедиции Бонапарта, когда французская армия в ходе военных действий в Египте и Сирии оказалась отрезанной от Франции и в то же время не могла пополнять свои ряды добровольцами из числа местных жителей. The article examines the main aspects of the policy of the French military command in relation to the Christian communities of Ottoman Egypt and Ottoman Syria during the expedition of Bonaparte (1798–1801). Particular attention is paid to the plans of Bonaparte and his successors as commander-in-chief to attract Egyptian and Syrian Christians to cooperate with the French occupation administration as officials and soldiers of auxiliary military units. The article also examines French propaganda in comparison with practical actions towards Egyptian Copts and Syrian Christians, and the response from both Christian communities and the Muslim majority of the population of Ottoman Egypt and Ottoman Syria. The contradictions and ambiguity of the policy of Bonaparte and his successors as commander-in-chief of the Eastern Army – Kleber and Menou towards local Christians are revealed. The French command considered Eastern Christians as potential allies, but at the same time did not dare to express special sympathy for them, since such actions could cause outrage among the Muslim majority of the population and create the impression that the French are waging a religious war against Islam and Muslims. The article concludes that this inconsistency was one of the reasons for the failure of Bonaparte's Egyptian expedition, when the French army was cut off from France during the hostilities in Egypt and Syria and at the same time could not replenish its ranks with volunteers from among the local residents.

Конница тюрко-монгольских народов Великой степи в российской армии XVIII – начала XIX в. Часть 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-97
Author(s):  
Utash B. Ochirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Traditional Structures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The article examines activities of Turko-Mongols to have inhabited the Great Steppe and adjacent territories in the military service of Russia throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The period witnessed the employment of ethnic military units of irregular cavalries Russian army recruited from the Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and Buryats, Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, Teptyars, Mishar and Tatars. The work focuses on the largest ethnic military forces ― those of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs. Despite Russian forces were reorganized to from a regular army in the early 18th century, the latter still contained significant irregular components, including ones recruited from Turko-Mongols. Initially, the ethnic groups had served as independent military contingents with traditional structures, tactics, and weapons, but by the late 18th century all ethnic forces were clustered into Don Cossack-type regiments. In the first part of the article, published in the previous issue, the features of military service of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs in their usual habitat ― in the Great Steppe were considered. The second part of the article analyzes the actions of the Turkic-Mongol cavalry in the three largest wars of Russia in the XVIII-early XX century. XIX centuries. (The Northern, Seven-Year War, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814). Rational approaches and command of the ethnic units would yield good results ― both in Eurasian plains and European battlefields. The use of ethnic forces within the Russian army not only saved essential financial and physical resources for the defense of large territories and dramatically long frontiers but also facilitated further integration of their elites into the Empire’s community.

scholarly journals Service of the Orthodox military clergy in the occupied territory of Galicia during the First World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Eleonora V. Starostenko
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Fighting Spirit ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The activity of the Orthodox military clergy in the Russian army on the territory of Galicia during the First World War is considered. It was established that the religious situation in Galicia and the conduct of hostilities on the enemy’s territory had a great influence on the activities of military priests. The attitude of the protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy to the uniate question, the specificity of the interaction of military priests with the local population are shown. The features of the organisation and implementation of services are analysed. The work of priests to maintain a fighting spirit is considered. Cases of both conscientious and unacceptable attitude to the service was established.

scholarly journals Messages from the ‘Older Brother’: Djawa Baroe and the Japanese Propaganda in Indonesia (1943-1945)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putut Widjanarko
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Original Intention ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Military

The Japanese occupation of East Asia during World War II was accompanied by its propaganda targeted to the local population. In Indonesia, the military government, among other things, published Djawa Baroe, a fortnightly magazine published from January 1, 1943 to August 1, 1945.Compared to other magazines, this bilingual magazine (in Japanese and Bahasa Indonesia) Djawa Baroe was unique: it featured ample photographs and illustrations. Qualitative content analysis method enables this study to find the meaning of a theme in its holistic political, social, and cultural contexts beyond the number of its occurrences in the text offered by quantitative content analysis. All the issues of Djawa Baroe are examined in detail and reiteratively. Six themes can be found in Djawa Baroe, i.e., the friendship between Japanese and Indonesians, the description of Japanese military prowess, the exaltation of nationalism and the preparation for the war, the evil nature of Western power, the role of women in society, and entertainment. The study concludes that along with the development of the Pacific War that turned against the Japanese, Djawa Baroe moved its emphasis on long-range goals at the high psychological level to influence and win the hearts and minds of Indonesian people, to a more immediate result and practical guide in facing the imminent war. On the other hand, against the original intention of the Japanese propaganda, Djawa Baroe may have helped its educated readers to imagine their future nation-state, Indonesia. Keywords: Djawa Baroe; Wartime propaganda; Japanese occupation; nation-building

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