scholarly journals Problems of formation of literary language of the Kola Saami

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Viktorya B. Bakula
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Graphic System ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
Single Standard ◽  
The Right

The article analyzes the stages of the creation of the Saami’s writing from the end of the XIX century and the reasons for the lack of literary language of the Kola Sami. Currently, there are four versions of the Sami alphabet based on Cyrillic graphics presented in the educational literature. The analysis of the existing graphic systems and the literature based on them showed that only the alphabet of 1979 fulfills the conditions of the main stages of the formation of a written standard language. With the help of comparative historical and problem-chronological methods, the author considers an array of archival data, as well as research works and works of art in the Sami language. Currently, a serious basis has been created for the development of the Sami literary language, but there are a number of problems that hinder the solution of this problem. Among them there are the following: in the territory of the Murmansk region there are no research and academic organizations involved in the development of a single standard of the Sami language; Murmansk region is not a republic, therefore it does not have the right to prove the graphical basis of the alphabet of a language, which is not the state language of a subject of the Russian Federation; in the Murmansk region there is no legal act on the language of the indigenous minorities of the North, with the official written standard of the Sami language recorded, therefore today they still use the standard variant dated 1979 and its version with h and ј in parallel. The Sami language has not been in demand for a long time among the Sami and at the state level, which resulted in the absence of TV programs and press in the Sami language as well as radio broadcasting limited to a short time. The assimilation of the Sami language into Russian continues, the use of the Sami language by native speakers occurs mainly only at the household level, there are problems with the teaching of the language at school (only optional), among the young generation the native language of the Sami is not in demand. All these factors do not contribute to the formation of the Sami literary language. Urgent measures are needed to unify the graphic system of the Sami language, to organize competent educational activities in educational institutions in order to preserve and develop the language of the indigenous minority people.

scholarly journals Optimization of local government activities in the provision of public services

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
I.I. Lutsiv
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
Administrative Service ◽  
Single Standard ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to the study of optimization of local government in the context of public services in con-nection with the implementation of the Law of Ukraine of November 3, 2020 «On Amendments to Certain Leg-islative Acts of Ukraine on Optimizing the Network and Functioning of Administrative Service Centers services provided in electronic form». It is determined that public services provided by local governments are a type of activity of executive bodies of local self-government and municipal institutions and organizations created by them to implement informational, consulting, registration, permitting and other administrative functions performed on a budget basis, in accordance with the established regulations, technological and information cards, ensure the right of individuals and legal entities to meet the needs with minimal time and at the appropriate professional level. It is noted that technological and information cards of public services provided by local governments are a legal act adopted by local governments providing public services, which contains a consistent description of administra-tive procedures necessary for the implementation of all components of the service, as well as the standard of provid-ing such a service, which is drawn up and communicated directly to the applicant by officials of the body providing the service or authorized persons.  It is indicated that for the state, which implements the general administrative policy in one legal field of distribu-tion of powers of local governments, the work on standardization of technological and information cards should be carried out centrally, at the state level. It is necessary to form and approve a single standard list of public services, based on all available powers of local governments.

Pregnancies and Pregnancy Desires at the State Level: Estimates for 2017 and Trends Since 2012

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Kost ◽  
◽  
Isaac Maddow-Zimet ◽  
Ashley C. Little
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Key Points In almost all U.S. states, pregnancies reported as occurring at the right time or being wanted sooner than they occurred comprised the largest share of pregnancies in 2017, though proportions varied widely by state. The proportion of pregnancies that were wanted later or unwanted was higher in the South and Northeast than in other regions, and the proportion of pregnancies that occurred at the right time or were wanted sooner was higher in the West and Midwest. From 2012 to 2017, the wanted-later-or-unwanted pregnancy rate fell in the majority of states. However, no clear pattern emerged for any changes in the rate of pregnancies that were reported as wanted then or sooner or in the rate of those for which individuals expressed uncertainty.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mass Medias Effect on Formation Youths Mindset in the Media Landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-773
Author(s):  
Svetlana Koryagina ◽  
Irina Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Youth Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the impact of the Mass Media on the formation of the worldview of the young. This impact may be positive or negative. On the one hand, the media educate young people and enhance their participation in public life. On the other hand, they may mislead or promote false values, and manipulate the young generation’s consciousness. What helps people not to get involved into the tried-and-true crowd manipulation scheme in the media landscape is critical thinking, whose lack results in inability to choose the right guidelines in the flow of false information provided by various Media. The authors emphasize the role of the state, which, regarding the needs of the society, should enculturate the young generation, as well as exercise tight control over communication in the global web and publications in the Internet Media and social networks. One of the directions of the state’s policy is expanding the geography of information and communication technologies, and the other is ensuring information security of the young in general and adolescents in particular. To provide this, the state develops organizational and legal mechanisms aimed at protecting children from harmful information in the web, and requirements for the content, its expert evidence and government control. The article demonstrates the results of a study carried out by the authors to assess the current youth Media and their influence on criminality. The key criterion for selecting participants of the focus group was young age, since the young are the most active and the least protected players in the media landscape. The sampling was made by random choice in order to ensure equal opportunities for participation in the study.

scholarly journals Radionuclides in marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the North European region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-2021) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
D.A. Valuyskaya ◽  
◽  
G.V. Ilyin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
European Part ◽  
The State ◽  
European Region ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
The North ◽  
Food Network ◽  
Murmansk Region

The paper presents an analysis of the radioecological state of the terrestrial ecosystems in north european part of the Russia, which were exposed to the a products of the Chernobyl accident. The analysis of the state of marine and terrestrial objects included in the food network of the population and forming the dose of internal radiation of the population of the Murmansk region is given. Comparative estimates of the effects of global radionuclide deposition in the North-European territory are given.

scholarly journals Observations upon the marine barometer, made during the examina­tion of the coasts of New Holland and New Wales, in the Years 1801, 1802, and 1803. By Matthew Flinders, Esq. Com­mander of His Majesty’s Ship Investigator . In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. P. R. S. &c. &c. &c

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 230-232
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
The Right

The chief circumstance that induced Capt. Flinders to think his observations Upon the marine barometer were worthy of attention, was the coincidence that took place between the rising and falling of the mercury, and the setting in of winds that blew from the sea and from off the land, to which there seemed to be at least as much reference as to the strength of the wind or the state of the atmosphere. Our author’s examination of the coasts of New Holland and the other parts of the Terra Australis, began at Cape Leuwen, and con­tinued eastward along the south coast. His observations, which, on account of their length, we must pass over, show, that a change of wind from the northern half of the compass to any point in the southern half, caused the mercury to rise; and that a contrary change caused it to fall. Also, that the mercury stood considerably higher When the wind came from the south side of east and west, than when, in similar weather, it came from the north side.

Other types of secondary legislation immediately place legal obligations directly into the legal system of all Member States. These are binding in their entirety and said to be directly applicable. Still other types place legal obligations directly upon certain named States, individuals and organisations. (4) The treaties, regulations and directives enacted by the Union do not directly state that they give individuals rights that they can enforce in their national courts. These legal rules are addressed in the first place to the Union and the Member State. Yet under the founding treaties Member States are expected to enforce the rights, liabilities and powers that are a consequence of membership in national courts. The ECJ has developed the concept of direct effect which describes EC primary or secondary law that give individuals rights that are enforceable in their national courts. Set criteria have to be present. Direct effect is easier to prove in relation to regulations than it is in relation to articles and directives. The criteria demand that: • the rule does not require any action from the State (and directives do); and • that the right to be enforced is clear and precise and can be activated without recourse to the State (which is not the automatic case in relation to articles in a treaty concluded at State level or a directive issued to the State demanding certain outcomes within a timescale). However, articles and directives considered on a case by case basis by the European and national courts have been held to give individuals rights. The case of Van Gend en Loos discussed later in this chapter deals with direct applicability and direct effect of articles. (5) A major difficulty is caused by the lack of uniformity of terms in relation to ‘directly applicable’ and ‘direct effect’. ‘Directly applicable’ is the phrase used in Article 249 (formerly 189) of the EC Treaty to refer to the process by which Community law of certain types is immediately and automatically part of the legal system of Member States as soon as it is created in the EC. ‘Direct effect’, which is not a phrase occurring in any of the treaties, is the phrase consistently used in the ECJ in two senses to refer to: • the process by which individuals acquire rights they can enforce in national courts (against other individuals—horizontal direct effect, and against the State itself—vertical direct effect); and • the process by which EC law is immediately and automatically part of the legal system of Member States as soon as it is created in the EC. This is confusing, especially as some Community law that is created by Article 249 (formerly 177) of the EC Treaty is not said in the Treaty to be directly applicable in the sense of immediately and automatically becoming part of the legal system of Member States. Yet the ECJ has held that such law can, if certain criteria are present, have direct effect. In fact, they have gone one step further and constructed the concept of indirect effect. It is indirect precisely because the law is not directly applicable but somehow an individual can enforce it in a national court.

2012 ◽  
pp. 157-157
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Legal System ◽  
National Court ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Member States ◽  
Community Law ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
The Right

Alcohol and Politics in France

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
The North ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

“On jongle trop avec la structure d'un Pays qui a été, dans le monde, le défenseur de l'individu, de la liberté, du sens de la mesure. Un petit paysan sur sa terre, n'est-il pas humainement autre chose que le chômeur de demain ou l'ouvrier qui sera condamné à fabriquer toute sa vie des boulons?”Le Betteravier Français, September 1956, page 1.Large-scale state intervention in the alcohol market in France dates from World War I, when the government committed itself to encourage the production of alcohol. Two chief reasons then lay back of this decision: a huge supply of alcohol was needed for the manufacture of gunpowder, and the devastation of the beet-growing regions of the north had severely limited production of beet alcohol, thereby throwing the domestic market out of balance. A law of 30 June 1916, adopted under emergency procedure, established a state agency empowered to purchase alcohol. At the end of the war, a decree of 1919 accorded the government the right “provisionally” to maintain the state monopoly. In 1922 the beetgrowers and winegrowers gave their support to the principle of a state monopoly which, in effect, reserved the industrial market for beet alcohol and the domestic market for viticulture. In 1931 the state was authorized to purchase alcohol distilled from surplus wine.

Stemming the Tide: Assisted Suicide and the Constitution

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Coleman ◽  
Tracy E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
State Level ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
The State ◽  
Equal Protection ◽  
State Court ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Equal Protection Clause ◽  
The Right

On November 8, 1994, Oregon became the first state in the nation to legalize assisted suicide. Passage of Proposition 16 was a milestone in the campaign to make assisted suicide a legal option. The culmination of years of effort, the Oregon vote followed on the heels of failed referenda in California and Washington, and other unsuccessful attempts to enact state laws guaranteeing the right to suicide assistance. Indeed, in 1993, four states passed laws strengthening or clarifying their ban against assisted suicide. No doubt, Proposition 16 is likely to renew the effort to legalize assisted suicide at the state level.The battle over assisted suicide is also unfolding in the courts. Litigation challenging Proposition 16 on the grounds that it violates the equal protection clause is ongoing in Oregon. More significantly, three cases, two in federal courts and one in Michigan state court, have been brought to establish assisted suicide as a constitutionally protected right.

An Early Classical Disc Relief from Melos

1951 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 96-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. J. Karouzos
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Classical Style ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Waves

In the islands surprises seem to be as ἀνήριθμοι as the γέλασμα of the waves. If news came from anywhere else of the discovery of a circular marble slab carved with a head in relief, experience would lead the archaeologist to expect a late portrait or one of the so-called oscilla. Not so on Melos: here he finds himself confronted with the splendid head of a goddess carved in the purest Early Classical style.For such in fact is the fragment of a circular marble disc (Plate XXXVII and fig. 1) discovered in 1937 on the slopes of Klema, the site of the ancient town of Melos. It was found lying on the surface of the ground, on the property of Panagioulis Vikhos, to the north-east of Kalyvaki. The distinguished lawyer of Plaka, Mr. N. Kyritses, to whom we must again express our gratitude for having rescued it, readily offered it to the State.The disc is of Parian marble. Its convex obverse is decorated in relief with a head in profile to the right—an unusual subject. The reverse (fig. 2) is flat and smooth. The flat rim joining the two faces is 0·016 m. wide, but at the centre, where it is broken, the disc is 0·073 thick, not counting the height of the relief. The greatest preserved height of the fragment is 0·325 m., the greatest width 0–335.

scholarly journals Ontological Security, Trauma and Violence, and the Protection of Women: Polygamy Among Minority Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Harel-Shalev ◽  
Rebecca Kook
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Women Violence ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, we examine the special challenges posed by the practice of polygamy to minority women, focusing on the ways that the state and the women confront the related experiences of violence and trauma associated with this practice. Based on analysis of both policy and interviews with women, we demonstrate the tension between the different mechanisms adopted by the state as opposed to those adopted by the women themselves. We suggest that the concept of ontological security is valuable for a deeper understanding of the range of state motivations in cases related to minority women, violence, and the right for protection. Our case study is the Bedouin community in Israel. We explore the relationship between individual and state-level conceptions of violence and trauma and the complex relationship between these two. We examine state discourses of ontological security through a gendered lens, as frameworks of belonging and mechanisms of exclusion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document