scholarly journals STUDY ON ENERGY AND PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION FOR EGG MASS PRODUCTION IN GUINEA FOWLS LAYERS USING THE SYSTEM ‘CLARCS OF DISTRIBUTION/TRANSFORMATION’

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
D. Penkov ◽  
M. Nikolova ◽  
A. Peltekov
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Total Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Crude Protein ◽  
Distribution Transformation

Aim: To introduce and calculate the energy and crude protein distribution from fodder to the edible part of the egg mass. New indexes “Clarc of energy distribution (CED)” and “Clarc of protein transformation (CPT)” were introduced. Methods: The “Clarc’s” were calculated by using the following formula: CED = Total energy content in the yolk, albumen, mélange/Total metabolizable energy intake for 1 kg yolk, albumen, mélange; CPT = Total (crude) protein content in yolk, albumen, mélange/Total (crude) protein intake for 1 kg yolk, albumen, mélange. Results: CDE to the yolk, albumen, mélange – 0.1492, 0.0399 and 0.1891 respectively; CPT to the yolk, albumen, mélange – 0.1041, 0.113, 0.2771 respectively.

Energy values in pig nutrition:3. The digestible and metabolizable energy content of barley, wheat, maize, oats and rye

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wiseman ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Commercial Sources

SUMMARYThe digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of eight samples of barley, eight of wheat, four of maize and two each of oats and rye were determined using growing gilts. The DE content of barley ranged from 15·35 to 15·89 MJ/kg D.M., from 15·15 to 16·42 MJ/kg D.M. for wheat and from 16·05 to 16·47 MJ/kg D.M. for maize. DE values for the two oat samples were 12·48 and 12·74 MJ/kg D.M. and 15–04 and 15–47 MJ/kg D.M. for the two rye samples. There was a significant correlation between DE and ME:ME (MJ/kg D.M.) = 0·050 + 0·965 DE: r = 0·99; P < 0·001.The ratio ME/DE was significantly influenced by crude-protein content:ME/DE = 100–0·254 CP%: r = –0·77; P < 0·001.ME values were also corrected to zero nitrogen retention (MEno) and to 30% nitrogen retention (MEN30). The effect of such corrections was expressed as MEN0/ME and MEN30/ME. Values thus obtained were 0·98 and 1·00 respectively for the pooled values for all cereals.The data indicated that there was unlikely to be significant variation in the DE content of samples of the same cereal species, selected from commercial sources within the U.K. when evaluated under standardized experimental conditions.

EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF CASPIAN CATTLE FEEDLOT FARMS BY DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
ALI ASHRAFI ◽  
AZMI BIN JAAFAR ◽  
LAI SOON LEE
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Dea Models ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Crude Protein ◽  
Cattle Feedlot

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an excellent approach for evaluating the performance of decision making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. This research utilizes the DEA to analyze the operating efficiency of Caspian cattle feedlot farms in Iran. The inputs utilized by the farms are number of calve, number of labors, total metabolizable energy intake, total crude protein intake and total cost of hygiene-treatment of calve; and the output considered is total live weigh gain of calve. By using two DEA models, the efficiency score for each farm is calculated and the efficient farms are ranked.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels for meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1852-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Cunha Lima Muniz ◽  
Sérgio Luiz de Toledo Barreto ◽  
Raquel Mencalha ◽  
Gabriel da Silva Viana ◽  
Renata de Souza Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACT: This trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietetic metabolizable energy levels on performance and carcass traits of meat quails from 15 to 35 days old. Five hundred sixty, 15-d old, meat quails were randomly assigned to five treatments (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 of diet), with eight replicates and fourteen birds per experimental unit. Feed intake, protein and lysine intake and feed conversion decreased linearly as the metabolizable energy content of diets increased (P<0.01), whereas metabolizable energy intake, body weight, weight gain and viability were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. Diets did not influence (P>0.05) carcass traits as dry matter, moisture and protein content in carcass. However a quadratic effect (P<0.04) were observed on carcass fat content. Based on these results, the adequate metabolizable energy level to ensure better meat quails' growth is 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 diet, that corresponds to a metabolizable energy: crude protein ratio of 139,24.

scholarly journals The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep and cattle in relation to its chemical composition and to diet

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
A. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Analytical Errors ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

1. The results of over 500 determinations of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by cattle and sheep have been analysed statistically. 2. The analytical errors for nitrogen, carbon and heat of combustion were ±0.54, ±1.4 and ±2.2%. The error attached to an estimate of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by an individual sheep in 4 days was ± 10%.3. At the maintenance level of feeding, the heat of combustion of the urine (U kcal/ 100 kcal food) was related to the crude protein content of the diet (P%)by the equationU = 0.25P+1.6with a residual standard deviation of ±0.88 kcal/100 kcal.4. Regression analysis of the relation between the heat of combustion of urine and its N content showed significant differences with diet. The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep was 9.7 kcal/g C and of cattle 10.3 kcal/g C, and did not vary with diet. 5. It is shown that the variation in the heat of combustion of urine/g N and its relative constancy/g C arises largely from variation, from diet to diet, in the proportion of the N excreted as hippurate. 6. The results have been combined with the results of a similar analysis (Blaxter & Clapperton, 1965) of methane production by sheep to show that the ratio of metabolizable energy to digested energy varies very little from mean values of 0.82 for roughages, 0.85 for cereals and 0.79 for oilseed cakes and meals.

scholarly journals How did Lofgreen and Garrett do the math?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017
Author(s):  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Logarithmic Equation ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract Lofgreen and Garrett introduced a new system for predicting growing and finishing beef cattle energy requirements and feed values using net energy concepts. Based on data from comparative slaughter experiments they mathematically derived the California Net Energy System. Scaling values to body weight to the ¾ power, they summarized metabolizable energy intake (ME), energy retained (energy balance [EB]), and heat production (HP) data. They regressed the logarithm of HP on ME and extended the line to zero intake, and estimated fasting HP at 0.077 Mcal/kg0.75, similar to previous estimates. They found no significant difference in fasting HP between steers and heifers. Above maintenance, however, a logarithmic fit of EB on ME does not allow for increased EB once ME is greater than 340 kcal/kg0.75, or about three times maintenance intake. So based on their previous work, they used a linear fit so that partial efficiency of gain above maintenance was constant for a given feed. They show that with increasing roughage level efficiency of gain (slope) decreases, consistent with increasing efficiency of gain and maintenance with greater metabolizable energy of the feed. Making the system useful required that gain in body weight be related to EB. They settled on a parabolic equation, with significant differences between steers and heifers. Lofgreen and Garrett also used data from a number of experiments to relate ME and EB to estimate the ME required for maintenance (ME = HP) and then related the amount of feed that provided that amount of ME to the metabolizable energy content of the feed (MEc), resulting in a logarithmic equation. Then they related that amount of feed to the net energy for gain calculated as the slope of the EB line when regressed against feed intake. Combining the two equations, they estimate the net energy for maintenance and gain per unit feed (Mcal/kg dry matter) as a function of MEc: 0.4258 × 1.663MEc and 2.544–5.670 × 0.6012MEc, respectively. Finally, they show how to calculate net energy for maintenance and gain from experiments where two levels of a ration are fed and EB measured, where one level is fed and a metabolism trial is conducted, or when just a metabolism trial is conducted—but results are not consistent between designs.

The influence of concentrate amount on locomotion and clinical lameness in dairy cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Manson ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Predisposing Causes

ABSTRACTAn experiment with two groups of 24 cows during weeks 3 to 22 of lactation examined the influence of 7 (L) or 11 (H) kg concentrates per day on the prevalence of lameness. Grass silage was offeredad libitum. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion on a weekly basis (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Cows scoring 3 or more were considered to be clinically lame. This allowed the prevalence of lameness, its severity and duration to be measured and statistically analysed. There were significantly more observations of lameness in the H cows than the L cows (0·077 and 0·021 observations per cow week) and the severity and duration of lameness incidents were significantly greater. The major causes of lameness were solar problems in the hind feet. The prevalence declined in both treatments as lactation progressed. The predisposing causes of the higher incidence in treatment H could have been the higher concentrate: forage ratio, the greater daily metabolizable energy intake or the greater daily crude protein intake. For treatments L and H, mean milk yields were 20·5, 23·7 kg/day; milk fat 41·7, 39·0 g/kg; milk protein 31·4, 32·0 g/kg; live-weight change -0·12, +0·11 kg/day; and condition score 2·04, 2·18.

ON-FARM TRIALS WITH FORAGE LEGUME–BARLEY COMPARED WITH FALLOW–BARLEY ROTATIONS AND CONTINUOUS BARLEY IN NORTH-WEST SYRIA

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CHRISTIANSEN ◽  
M. BOUNEJMATE ◽  
F. BAHHADY ◽  
E. THOMSON ◽  
B. MAWLAWI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
North West ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Total Crude Protein ◽  
On Farm

Over a period of seven years farmers participated in trials in which common vetch (Vicia sativa (V)) or chickling (Lathyrus sativus (C)) replaced the fallow in a barley (Hordeum vulgare)–fallow rotation (F) or were introduced into continuous barley cropping (B) – giving a total of four rotations, B–F, B–B, B–V and B–C. Trials on 4 ha, 2 ha per phase of each rotation, were replicated on 6–8 farms. Some vetch and chickling crops were grazed in spring. Mean seven-year dry matter yields were 2.91 t ha−1 for B–F, 4.82 t for B–B, 5.02 t for B–C and 5.32 t for B–V; total crude protein outputs were twice as high from rotations including legumes; and the B–V rotation yielded most metabolizable energy. Realizing the benefit, farmers started to adopt vetch. In 1991 three farmers were growing vetch on 7 ha but by 1997 174 farmers in 15 villages were growing vetch on 420 ha. Forage legumes will not, however, become more widely grown until inexpensive and efficient mechanized methods of harvesting the mature crop are available in order to avoid the high cost of hand labour. Drought and cold tolerance, early maturation and high harvest index may also enhance farmers' interest in forage legumes.

Effects of Age on Celosia Cultivars

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Omueti
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
Local Cultivar ◽  
Celosia Argentea ◽  
Total Crude Protein

SUMMARYStudies of the effects of age on yield components and nutrients status of Celosia argentea cultivars showed the highest crude protein content, total vitamin C and leaf/stem ratio in leaves harvested 5 to 7 weeks after sowing, but the highest total marketable and edible yields, as well as total crude protein, 15 weeks after sowing. The narrow-leaved local cultivar gave higher crude protein per cent and vitamin C than the broad-leaved one, but its yield of edible leaf was lower. Breeding potentials of the cultivars were highlighted.

Nutritional evaluation of winter foods of wild turkeys

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2128-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Decker ◽  
Peter J. Pekins ◽  
William W. Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Rosa Multiflora ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Multiflora Rose ◽  
Wild Turkeys ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Red oak acorns (Quercus rubra), fruits of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), common juniper (Juniper communis), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), and barberry (Berberis spp.), fertile fronds of sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), corn, and apples were fed as mixed rations to eight eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Crude protein content of the foods ranged from 2 (apples) to 19% (sensitive fern). Red oak acorns and juniper berries were 14% fat; other foods were 1–7% fat. Apples were lowest in gross energy content (3.9 kcal/g dry matter (1 cal = 4.1868 J)), and sensitive fern was highest (5.5 kcal/g). Little variation existed in nutrient composition and energy content of the mixed diets. Metabolizable energy values of the diets ranged from 65 to 84% of gross energy intake and from 3.1 to 4.0 kcal/g. Solution of simultaneous equations based on the mixed-diet data yielded metabolizable energy values of individual foods; juniper had the highest metabolizable energy (4.6 kcal/g) and sensitive fern the lowest (2.1 kcal/g); other foods ranged from 3.3 to 4.1 kcal/g. Acorns, corn, and shrubs with persistent fruits (juniper, winterberry, barberry, and multiflora rose) were the most nutritious foods. Metabolizable energy intake of the mixed diets, excluding the juniper-dominated diet, approximated or exceeded the predicted daily energy expenditure of wild turkeys.

Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. II.* The effects of independent alterations in total nitrogen and total essential amino acid intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg were infusedper abomasum with milk-based diets containing 259, 209 or 175 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter. The proportion of crude protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) was also varied, to provide diets containing 414, 512 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. This allowed an estimation of the effects of independent alterations in total EAA intake and total nitrogen intake on rates of liveweight gain, and on daily nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy intake. At a given proportion of EAA in crude protein, reductions in the EAA intake reduced the rate of liveweight gain, especially when diets contained 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. At constant EAA intake, rates of liveweight gain were reduced when the nitrogen intake was such that the dietary proportion of EAA departed from 512 g/kg CP. Responses in nitrogen balance were similar to those in liveweight gain except that, at constant EAA intake, increases in nitrogen intake improved nitrogen balance. All nitrogen balance responses were less pronounced than liveweight gain responses. Lambs given diets containing 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP had lower metabolizable energy intakes. This was not due to reduced metabolizability of apparently digested energy, but to differences in apparently digested energy intake. The relative effects of nitrogen intake and the proportion of crude protein supplied as EAA, on liveweight gain and nitrogen balance are assessed by using three-dimensional representations of the responses. ___________________ Part I,Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 917 (1977).

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