scholarly journals Why Fire Sprinklers Should Not Be Required in Open Parking Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
White Paper ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Fire Sprinklers ◽  
Sprinkler Protection ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
Automatic Sprinkler ◽  
In Fire

In the 2021 editions of the International Building Code (IBC) and International Fire Code (IFC), provisions were added by code change F110-18 to require automatic sprinkler protection in all open parking structures that exceed 48,000 square feet in fire area. Unfortunately, the technical documentation that was submitted to support such a drastic change to the building and fire codes did not meet the expected robustness to justify these new requirements. This white paper provides: • Historical background information on the fire experience in open parking structures. • A summary of the documentation used to require sprinkler protection for open parking structures in the 2021 IFC. • A review of the potential fire hazards in open parking structures. • An explanation of why this added expense for the construction of open parking structures is not justified.

Fire Hazard Factors of Residential-Commercial Composite Buildings through Fire Hazard Cases

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1753-1757
Author(s):  
Yang Wei Shao ◽  
Shih Feng Kao ◽  
Neng Chun Yu ◽  
Yu Shiang Wu ◽  
Chi Jan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Emergency Exit ◽  
In Fire

Although meeting the regulations of the time, early buildings are prone to fire hazards, such as damages to the fire zones, changes of floor entrances and exits, locked emergency exit doors, blocking of entrances and exits by vehicles, increased fire sources, dense population in the buildings, due to insufficient professional knowledge and technology in fire prevention. Once a fire occurs, it can result in major casualties, serious loss of social costs, as well as environmental and social issues. This study investigated 17 major fire cases occurring in residential-commercial composite buildings in the last 20 years in Taiwan. The fire hazard factors were determined based on expert review. The findings can serve as a reference for fire agencies in promoting fire prevention.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF SAFETY SYSTEM RELIABILITY KI HADJAR DEWANTARA MAKO KODICLATAL BUILDING TOWARDS FIRE HAZARDS PREVENTION

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Dodiek Alfianzi ◽  
Ikhwan Syahtaria ◽  
Udisubakti Cipto Mulyono ◽  
I Made Jiwa Astika
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Management System ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
A Value ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Fire Prevention Management ◽  
In Fire

Designing a fire prevention inspection system in buildings is very necessary, to determine the level of reliability. The fire prevention management system uses the following criteria: precautionary measures and preventive supervision against fire hazards. The assessment of the system design is carried out by means of a questionnaire for respondents who understand / are experts in fire problems, and the application of the system design uses direct surveys and questionnaires to the building manager. The assessment is carried out at the smallest level. Analysis of the building reliability inspection system in fire prevention using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the criteria used are: prevention, limitation and extinguishing against fire. The fire prevention management system uses the following criteria: precautionary measures and preventive supervision against fire hazards. The results of the reliability inspection of the Ki Hadjar Dewantara Mako Kodiklatal building in Surabaya with a value of 94.06% indicated that the reliability system was in the "Less Reliable" category for fire hazard prevention.   Keywords: Inspection, fire prevention, reliability.

“It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane! It’s an Elementary-Aged Girl!”

Funny Girls ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Michelle Ann Abate
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Gender Dynamics ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Popular Appeal

The Introduction provides necessary historical background information. It gives an overview of the book's overall aims and argument, and it also summarizes the project's methodology and organizational plan.When critics, scholars, and fans think about major developments in American comics from the first half of the twentieth century, they commonly think of events like the advent of the Sunday newspaper supplement, the rise of the comic book, and the backlash against the industry by individuals like Fredric Wertham. The Introduction to this project makes a case for adding another phenomenon to this history: the popularity of young female protagonists.As it explains, examining figures like Little Lulu, Nancy, and Little Orphan Annie-both individually and as part of a larger tradition-yields compelling new insights about the industry during the first half of the twentieth century. Remembering and recouping the cadre of Funny Girls who played such a significant role in the popular appeal and commercial success of American comics during the first half of the twentieth century challenges longstanding perceptions about the gender dynamics operating during this era.

scholarly journals Special Issue in Fire Hazards in Energy Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287
Author(s):  
Georgios Boustras ◽  
Guillermo Rein
Keyword(s):  
Energy Systems ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
In Fire

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Training in Fire Prevention and Fire-Fighting of Scavenge Air Receivers Fires

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Leszek Chybowski ◽  
Seweryn Strojecki ◽  
Włodzimierz Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Marine Vehicles ◽  
Engine Room ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
In Fire

AbstractThis article presents topics concerning fire hazards during the use of low-speed diesel engines in marine vehicles. The causes and effects of fires in the spaces of scavenge air receivers in marine diesel engines are presented. Methods to prevent and fight these fires are shown, including the operating procedures required from ship engine room operators. The possibility of training personnel to apply the abovementioned procedures during operation using simulations of a Kongsberg MC-90 IVship engine room is presented. Simulations were conducted which included a fire in a scavenge air receiver occurring during the operation of a MAN B&W 5L90MC main engine, with loads corresponding to 50% and 100% of the machine’s recommended setting.

scholarly journals The Reports by the Juries: A Finding Aid for a Publication From the Great Exhibition of 1851 in the Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Offenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Crystal Palace ◽  
Art Gallery Of Ontario ◽  
Great Exhibition

Produced by the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851, the four-volume Reports by the Juries is illustrated with 154 salted paper prints from negatives by Claude-Marie Ferrier (1811-1889) and Hugh Owen (1808-1897) and document the exhibits and the Crystal Palace building. 137 copies of the Reports were produced and distributed internationally to individuals and countries that participated in the exhibition. This presentation set, which also includes the Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, the Reports to the Crown, and a presentation set of exhibition medals, belonged to Sir William Crossman (1830-1901) of the Royal Engineers. A specially designed wooden cabinet houses the set. This thesis project is divided into two parts: Part I describes the process of researching and creating the finding aid; Part II is the finding aid itself, containing ten sections addressing historical background information, photographers' biographies, photographic processes, a complete illustrated catalogue of the photographs, an analysis of the photographs, provenance, and a preliminary list of other copies of the publication in public institutions.

Analysis of human behavior in case of fire inside a high-rise building: effect of risk perception and Individual's location

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Yaser Mousavi ◽  
Shahab Kariminia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Building Fire ◽  
High Rise ◽  
High Rise Building ◽  
Evacuation Strategy ◽  
In Fire

PurposeThe main purpose of this research is to achieve the evacuation strategy of people in high-rise office buildings. This purpose is achieved by identifying the individuals' behaviors during a fire accident and the relationship between these behaviors and their risk perception.Design/methodology/approachThe method of this study is mixed-methods type. The first stage was carried out using the qualitative method and descriptive phenomenology and the analyses were done using the Colaizzi method, and the second stage was carried out using the quantitative method of field descriptive survey type whose analyses were conducted through SPSS software.FindingsThe results reveal that the individuals attempting evacuation from the upper floors above the fire level were mostly injured and the ones who remained in the building and got help from fire fighters were rescued. At the end, the study goes on to suggest the stay-in-place approach with regards to the behaviors formed in individuals, closed plan of architectural design, lack of suitable fire extinguishers as well as inappropriate individual trainings.Research limitations/implicationsLack of similar research in the field of fire in Iran caused bottlenecks such as lack of cooperation of relevant organizations in the path of the research. Another factor that limited the present research was the determination of people trapped in fire. In this case, those who were present in the incident had to be chosen and the questionnaire was completed based on their opinions. This limited the research for reasons such as the relocation of some people from buildings or their death.Practical implicationsThe practical results of this research can be used in reviewing the rules and regulations of high-rise building fire code. By properly compiling the regulations of high-rise building codes based on this research, human injuries in fire hazards can be greatly prevented. Due to the collapse of the Plasco building in Iran and the creation of inappropriate memories in the minds of people of high-rise buildings, with the construction of buildings based on the rules and regulations in accordance with the fire code, the construction market as well as the sale and purchase of such buildings will flourish and numerous financial and job turnovers are created in the field of this type of buildings.Originality/valueThis study is innovative in determining appropriate evacuation strategy that are related to the individuals' risk perception in high-rise buildings, as well as achieving results to review the rules and regulations of high-rise office buildings based on the high-rise building fire code.

The Historical Background

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
White Paper ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
American Philosophy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S

Writing in 1972, HWR Wade drew attention to the difficulties which British law put in the way of the ordinary citizen trying to obtain or use information in government hands. Wade strikingly commented: ‘This ought to be a topic of administrative law, but it will not become one until Britain, like the United States, gives the public some sort of legal right against the government, and subscribes to the healthy American philosophy of “the public’s right to know”.’ Chapter 3 traces the development of administrative law in the 1960s, the campaign for freedom of information, the piecemeal legislative process, and the 1994 Code of Practice on Access to Government Information. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the 1997 White Paper Your Right to Know and the debates in Parliament as the 2000 Act was passed into law.

scholarly journals Discovering the Library with Google Earth

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Digital Collection

Libraries need to provide attractive and exciting discovery tools to draw patrons to the valuable resources in their catalogs. The authors conducted a pilot project to explore the free version of Google Earth as such a discover tool for Portland State Library’s digital collection of urban planning documents. They created eye-catching placemarks with links to parts of this collection, as well as to other pertinent materials like books, images, and historical background information. The detailed how-to-do part of this article is preceded by a discussion about discovery of library materials and followed by possible applications of this Google Earth project.

New techniques and a new approach to the effective extinguishing of fully developed fires in enclosed spaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Norbert Tuśnio ◽  
Paweł Wolny
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Abrasive Waterjet ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
In Fire

An example of modern water mist extinguishing technology is presented in the article. Water mist systems are firefighting systems which uses very fine water sprays. The smallest water droplets allow a water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by cooling both the flame and hot gases by evaporation, displacing oxygen by evaporation and reducing radiant heat through the small droplets themselves. The effectiveness of water mist systems in fire suppression depends on its spray characteristics, which include the droplet size and distribution, flux density and spray dynamics, phase of fire development, fire size and the ventilation conditions. The COBRA (known as PyroLance in USA) systems presented use of a cutting extinguisher is a fire extinguishing technique that combines abrasive waterjet cutting with water spray extinguishing, through a single handpiece or nozzle. The firefighter approaches the fire from outside the main fire area, then uses the cutting action to drill a small hole through a barrier such as a door, wall, roof or floor. Switching to a water spray then allows the fire to be fought, as with a conventional fog nozzle. An analysis of the benefits of using high-pressure water mist in conjunction with new firefighting tactics is described. State Fire Service should aim to minimize water consumption and thus reduce the post-fire losses, take care of environmental protection and improve safety conditions for firefighters.

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