Interactions between immune system and the microbiome of skin, blood and gut in pathogenesis of rosacea

AbstractThe increasingly wide use of next-generation sequencing technologies has revolutionised our knowledge of microbial environments associated with human skin, gastrointestinal tract and blood. The collective set of microorganisms influences metabolic processes, affects immune responses, and so directly or indirectly modulates disease. Rosacea is a skin condition of abnormal inflammation and vascular dysfunction, and its progression is affected by Demodex mites on the skin surface. When looking into the effects influencing development of rosacea, it is not only the skin microbiome change that needs to be considered. Changes in the intestinal microbiome and their circulating metabolites, as well as changes in the blood microbiome also affect the progression of rosacea. Recent research has confirmed the increased presence of bacterial genera like Acidaminococcus and Megasphera in the intestinal microbiome and Rheinheimera and Sphingobium in the blood microbiome of rosacea patients. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the interactions between the immune system and the skin, gut and blood microbiome, with particular attention to rosacea diagnostic opportunities.

Download Full-text

Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.663203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chiel van Geffen ◽

Astrid Deißler ◽

Markus Quante ◽

Harald Renz ◽

Dominik Hartl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Suppressor Cells ◽

Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽

Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Download Full-text

Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228729 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8729 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chih-Fan Yeh ◽

Ying-Hsien Chen ◽

Sheng-Fu Liu ◽

Hsien-Li Kao ◽

Ming-Shiang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Gut Permeability ◽

And Function ◽

Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

Download Full-text

Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2017/5095293 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Florence Abdallah ◽

Lily Mijouin ◽

Chantal Pichon

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Skin Surface ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Background Information ◽

Symbiotic Relationship ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Effector Cells ◽

Skin Immune System ◽

The Impact

The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not only being a passive protective barrier but a network of effector cells and molecular mediators that constitute a highly sophisticated compound known as the “skin immune system” (SIS). Studies of skin immune sentinels provided essential insights of a complex and dynamic immunity, which was achieved through interaction between the external and internal cutaneous compartments. In fact, the skin surface is cohabited by microorganisms recognized as skin microbiota that live in complete harmony with the immune sentinels and contribute to the epithelial barrier reinforcement. However, under stress, the symbiotic relationship changes into a dysbiotic one resulting in skin disorders. Hence, the skin microbiota may have either positive or negative influence on the immune system. This review aims at providing basic background information on the cutaneous immune system from major cellular and molecular players and the impact of its microbiota on the well-coordinated immune responses in host defense.

Download Full-text

Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00131-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 1055-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 787

Author(s):

Stanley A. Plotkin

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Immune Memory ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Intracellular Pathogens ◽

Protective Response ◽

Correlates Of Protection ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Almost All

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.

Download Full-text

HistoplasmaVirulence and Host Responses

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2012/268123 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mircea Radu Mihu ◽

Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Complex Interaction ◽

Host Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Disease Extent ◽

Adaptive Immune

Histoplasma capsulatumis the most prevalent cause of fungal respiratory disease. The disease extent and outcomes are the result of the complex interaction between the pathogen and a host's immune system. The focus of our paper consists in presenting the current knowledge regarding the multiple facets of the dynamic host-pathogen relationship in the context of the virulence arsenal displayed by the fungus and the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.

Download Full-text

How repertoire data are changing antibody science

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.rev120.010181 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 295 (29) ◽

pp. 9823-9837 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claire Marks ◽

Charlotte M. Deane

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Somatic Hypermutation ◽

Structural Information ◽

Clonal Selection ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Public Repositories ◽

The Many ◽

Generation Sequencing ◽

Innate Ability

Antibodies are vital proteins of the immune system that recognize potentially harmful molecules and initiate their removal. Mammals can efficiently create vast numbers of antibodies with different sequences capable of binding to any antigen with high affinity and specificity. Because they can be developed to bind to many disease agents, antibodies can be used as therapeutics. In an organism, after antigen exposure, antibodies specific to that antigen are enriched through clonal selection, expansion, and somatic hypermutation. The antibodies present in an organism therefore report on its immune status, describe its innate ability to deal with harmful substances, and reveal how it has previously responded. Next-generation sequencing technologies are being increasingly used to query the antibody, or B-cell receptor (BCR), sequence repertoire, and the amount of BCR data in public repositories is growing. The Observed Antibody Space database, for example, currently contains over a billion sequences from 68 different studies. Repertoires are available that represent both the naive state (i.e. antigen-inexperienced) and that after immunization. This wealth of data has created opportunities to learn more about our immune system. In this review, we discuss the many ways in which BCR repertoire data have been or could be exploited. We highlight its utility for providing insights into how the naive immune repertoire is generated and how it responds to antigens. We also consider how structural information can be used to enhance these data and may lead to more accurate depictions of the sequence space and to applications in the discovery of new therapeutics.

Download Full-text

Genetics & Epigenetics of Hereditary Deafness: An Historical Overview

Audiology Research ◽

10.3390/audiolres11040057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 629-635

Author(s):

Alessandro Martini ◽

Flavia Sorrentino ◽

Ugo Sorrentino ◽

Matteo Cassina

Keyword(s):

Genetic Factors ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Research Field ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

New Genes ◽

Novel Variants ◽

Sensory Impairments ◽

Generation Sequencing

Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory impairments worldwide and represents a critical medical and public health issue. Since the mid-1900s, great efforts have been aimed at understanding the etiology of both syndromic and non-syndromic HL and identifying correlations with specific audiological phenotypes. The extraordinary discoveries in the field of molecular genetics during the last three decades have contributed substantially to the current knowledge. Next-generation sequencing technologies have dramatically increased the diagnostic rate for genetic HL, enabling the detection of novel variants in known deafness-related genes and the discovery of new genes implicated in hearing disease. Overall, genetic factors account for at least 40% of the cases with HL, but a portion of affected patients still lack a definite molecular diagnosis. Important steps forward have been made, but many aspects still have to be clarified. In particular, the role of epigenetics in the development, function and pathology of hearing is a research field that still needs to be explored. This research is extremely challenging due to the time- and tissue-dependent variability of the epigenetic changes. Multisystem diseases are expected to be investigated at first: specific epi-signatures have been identified for several syndromic disorders and represent potential markers for molecular diagnostics.

Download Full-text

The role of skin microbiome in the development of atopic dermatitis in children

CHILD`S HEALTH ◽

10.22141/2224-0551.16.3.2021.233911 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 251-256

Author(s):

O.P. Volosovets ◽

S.P. Kryvopustov ◽

O.V. Mozyrskaya

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Immune System ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Skin Barrier Function ◽

Skin Microbiome ◽

Human Immune System ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Malassezia Species

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic itchy skin disease with a characteristic localization and morphology of skin lesions associated with an impairment of the skin barrier function and an atopic background. Malassezia species have been associated with a number of skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis. It is the most common fungal genus of healthy skin, but this yeast also may have a pathogenic potential under certain conditions. A close relationship has been shown between skin and Malassezia allergens that bind IgE in atopic dermatitis. They interact with almost all cellular constituents of the normal epidermis, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and the host’s immune system. It is known that Malassezia yeasts are of great importance in the development of skin sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Malassezia colonize human skin after birth and therefore, as a commensal, should be normally recognized by the human immune system. The presence of polymorphisms in the PRR genes can cause the development of atopic dermatitis in children. Despite the current knowledge about the association of Malassezia species with the development of atopic dermatitis, the mechanisms underlying the change in their state from commensal to pathogenic still require further elucidation. In addition, there is a need for standardization of diagnostic methods and testing for antifungal susceptibility.

Download Full-text

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology9100318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 318 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Luigi Santacroce ◽

Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽

Andrea Ballini ◽

Francesco Inchingolo ◽

Paolo Luperto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Human Health ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Normal Microbiota ◽

Pathogenic Microbes ◽

Effect Of Age ◽

Respiratory Microbiome

The recent COVID-19 pandemic promoted efforts to better understand the organization of the respiratory microbiome and its evolution from birth to adulthood and how it interacts with external pathogens and the host immune system. This review aims to deepen understanding of the essential physiological functions of the resident microbiome of the respiratory system on human health and diseases. First, the general characteristics of the normal microbiota in the different anatomical sites of the airways have been reported in relation to some factors such as the effect of age, diet and others on its composition and stability. Second, we analyze in detail the functions and composition and the correct functionality of the microbiome in the light of current knowledge. Several studies suggest the importance of preserving the micro-ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microbes of the respiratory system, and, more recently, its relationship with the intestinal microbiome, and how it also leads to the maintenance of human health, has become better understood.

Download Full-text

Horizontal Gene Transfers in Plants

Life ◽

10.3390/life11080857 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 857

Author(s):

Emilie Aubin ◽

Moaine El Baidouri ◽

Olivier Panaud

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Comparative Genomic ◽

Reproductive Barriers ◽

The Past ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Generation Sequencing

In plants, as in all eukaryotes, the vertical transmission of genetic information through reproduction ensures the maintenance of the integrity of species. However, many reports over the past few years have clearly shown that horizontal gene transfers, referred to as HGTs (the interspecific transmission of genetic information across reproductive barriers) are very common in nature and concern all living organisms including plants. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) has opened new perspectives for the study of HGTs through comparative genomic approaches. In this review, we provide an up-to-date view of our current knowledge of HGTs in plants.

Download Full-text