scholarly journals The role of skin microbiome in the development of atopic dermatitis in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
O.P. Volosovets ◽  
S.P. Kryvopustov ◽  
O.V. Mozyrskaya
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Malassezia Species

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic itchy skin disease with a characteristic localization and morphology of skin lesions associated with an impairment of the skin barrier function and an atopic background. Malassezia species have been associated with a number of skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis. It is the most common fungal genus of healthy skin, but this yeast also may have a pathogenic potential under certain conditions. A close relationship has been shown between skin and Malassezia allergens that bind IgE in atopic dermatitis. They interact with almost all cellular constituents of the normal epidermis, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and the host’s immune system. It is known that Malassezia yeasts are of great importance in the development of skin sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Ma­lassezia colonize human skin after birth and therefore, as a commensal, should be normally recognized by the human immune system. The presence of polymorphisms in the PRR genes can cause the development of atopic dermatitis in children. Despite the current knowledge about the association of Malassezia species with the development of atopic dermatitis, the mechanisms underlying the change in their state from commensal to pathogenic still require further elucidation. In addition, there is a need for standardization of diagnostic methods and testing for antifungal susceptibility.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Phototherapy With 308-nm Excimer Light for Skin Microbiome Dysbiosis and Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Canine Atopic Dermatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Yong Park ◽  
Seon-Myeong Kim ◽  
Jung-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Canine Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Allergic Skin

The management of canine atopic dermatitis, an allergic skin disorder, is challenging. To investigate the effect of phototherapy using a 308-nm excimer light as a topical treatment for canine atopic dermatitis, 10 dogs with canine atopic dermatitis and 10 with non-allergic skin were enrolled in this study. Phototherapy was applied every 7 days for a total of 2 months. The skin microbiome, skin barrier function, and clinical outcomes were evaluated after phototherapy. Phototherapy significantly changed the composition of the skin microbiome of dogs with atopic dermatitis and significantly increased the relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria. It significantly alleviated the clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis without serious adverse effects. Transepidermal water loss, as a measure of skin barrier function, significantly decreased after phototherapy. In addition, phototherapy increased microbial diversity and decreased the relative abundance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius associated with the severity of canine atopic dermatitis. These results suggest that the excimer light therapy is a suitable and safe therapeutic option for canine atopic dermatitis, which is also a spontaneous animal model of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Skin Barrier Function and Its Importance at the Start of the Atopic March

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Hogan ◽  
Kathy Peele ◽  
Nevin W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Food Allergy ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Allergen Sensitization ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Atopic March

Atopic dermatitis can be due to a variety of causes from nonatopic triggers to food allergy. Control of egress of water and protection from ingress of irritants and allergens are key components of cutaneous barrier function. Current research suggests that a degraded barrier function of the skin allows the immune system inappropriate access to environmental allergens. Epidermal aeroallergen exposure may allow sensitization to allergen possibly initiating the atopic march. Further research into connections between epidermal barrier function and possible allergen sensitization will be important to undertake. Future clinical trials focused on skin barrier protection may be of value as a possible intervention in prevention of the initiation of the atopic march.

scholarly journals ETIOPATOGENESIS DERMATITIS ATOPI

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thigita A. Pandaleke ◽  
Herry E. J. Pandaleke
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Keywords Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Initiating Factors

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis is a chronically relapsing skin disease that occurs most commonly during early infancy and childhood. It is a major public health problem worldwide with a prevalence in children 10-20% and 1-3% in adults. However, its main etiology is uncertain. There are some initiating factors that play important roles in the occurence and progress of this dermatitis atopic, such as: decreased skin barrier function, dysfunction of the immune system, genetic factor, enviromental factors, and infections, involving the immune system in the blood as well as in the skin, cytokines, and peptides. Keywords: atopic dermatitis, initiating factors   Abstrak: Dermatitis atopi adalah penyakit kulit kronik kambuhan yang paling sering terjadi pada bayi dan anak-anak. Penyakit ini merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di seluruh dunia, dengan prevalensi 10-20% pada anak dan 1-3% pada dewasa. Penyebab pasti dermatitis atopi belum diketahui. Terdapat beberapa faktor pencetus yang diduga turut berperan dalam terjadinya dan perlangsungan dermatitis atopi, antara lain: interaksi antara penurunan fungsi sawar kulit, disfungsi sistem imun, faktor genetik, faktor lingkungan, dan agen infeksi, dengan melibatkan berbagai sistem imun baik di dalam darah maupun pada kulit, sitokin, dan peptida. Kata kunci: dermatitis atopi, faktor pencetus

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON SKIN MICROBIOME: NOVEL STRATEGY IN COSMETICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Disha P Prajapati ◽  
Tanvi R Dodiya
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Nail Polish ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Novel Strategy

Human skin is the largest organ composing a complex ecosystem harbouring different types of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and mites that are together known as the skin microbiome. These organisms play an important role in communicating and instructing the cutaneous arm of the immune system to keep the skin healthy. Diet, hormonal imbalance, lifestyle, use of medications and cosmetics have been reported to influence the composition of skin microbiome. These factors can sometimes cause an imbalance in the microbiome leading to a condition known as ‘dysbiosis’. This disruption can then lead to several skin disorders such as dandruff, acne, psoriasis, or atopic dermatitis. Hygiene products, make-up, perfume, skin cream, nail polish, soap, shampoo, shaving cream, deodorant etc. also implicated in modifying the skin microbiome. Consumers today are moving towards a simpler, cleaner and nature based products for cosmetics. Microbiome balancing skincare natural products can respond to the rising concerns of environment pollution, skin sensitivity and premature ageing. These products can enrich the skin to repair itself by boosting skins immune system and natural defence barrier. These natural products are meant to remove pathogenic but to retain the composition mutualistic organism. The skincare market has recently embraced these distinct approaches of targeting the skin microbiome through different fronts like Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics.

scholarly journals An overview of the human immune system and the role of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwinder Kaur ◽  
Chee-Mun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factors ◽  
Essential Components

The immune system consists of a dynamic network of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that communicate to provide adequate defense responses against pathogenic agents. The immune system divide into the non-specific (innate) and the specific (adaptive) components, where the interactions between these two arms are intricately regulated. To deploy effective immune responses, immune systems comprise various cells and molecules that communicate with each other via signaling pathways coordinated by gene regulatory networks. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are critical regulators of both the immune system’s development and activation of different cells. To better understand the essential components of the normal immune system, this review essentially aims to cover the current knowledge of individual components of the immune system and the important role of IRFs in regulating the immune system.

Rational laboratory diagnostics of primary immunodeficiency disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Hauck ◽  
Barbara Bangol ◽  
Mirzokhid Rakhmanov ◽  
Hanns-Georg Klein ◽  
Christoph Klein
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Genetic Diagnostics ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders ◽  
Inborn Defects ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnostics

Abstract:Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of more than 300 conditions associated with inborn defects of different elements of the immune system. First symptoms usually occur during early infancy, but some PIDs may present at first in adolescence or adulthood or after infections with specific pathogens. Typically, the underlying defect results in recurrent and persistent infections that are difficult to treat. However, patients may have a variable and wide set of symptoms ranging from mild to severe and some requiring immediate lifesaving intervention. As PIDs are relatively rare and fundamental immunological knowledge is required to understand them, an accurate diagnosis is often made too late and many patients probably may remain undiagnosed. In this article, we first give an overview on the human immune system and how PIDs are classified according to clinical features and immunological defects. Next, we focus on the possibilities of immunological and molecular genetic diagnostics of PIDs. Benefits and challenges of current diagnostic methods, especially with regard to next-generation sequencing techniques, are discussed.

scholarly journals The Secretome of Filarial Nematodes and Its Role in Host-Parasite Interactions and Pathogenicity in Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Hotterbeekx ◽  
Jolien Perneel ◽  
Melissa Krizia Vieri ◽  
Robert Colebunders ◽  
Samir Kumar-Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Host Parasite

Filarial nematodes secrete bioactive molecules which are of interest as potential mediators for manipulating host biology, as they are readily available at the host-parasite interface. The adult parasites can survive for years in the mammalian host, due to their successful modulation of the host immune system and most of these immunomodulatory strategies are based on soluble mediators excreted by the parasite. The secretome of filarial nematodes is a key player in both infection and pathology, making them an interesting target for further investigation. This review summarises the current knowledge regarding the components of the excretory-secretory products (ESPs) of filarial parasites and their bioactive functions in the human host. In addition, the pathogenic potential of the identified components, which are mostly proteins, in the pathophysiology of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy is discussed.

scholarly journals Interactions between immune system and the microbiome of skin, blood and gut in pathogenesis of rosacea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Isolde Joura ◽  
Alexandra Brunner ◽  
Éva Nemes-Nikodém ◽  
Miklós Sárdy ◽  
Eszter Ostorházi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractThe increasingly wide use of next-generation sequencing technologies has revolutionised our knowledge of microbial environments associated with human skin, gastrointestinal tract and blood. The collective set of microorganisms influences metabolic processes, affects immune responses, and so directly or indirectly modulates disease. Rosacea is a skin condition of abnormal inflammation and vascular dysfunction, and its progression is affected by Demodex mites on the skin surface. When looking into the effects influencing development of rosacea, it is not only the skin microbiome change that needs to be considered. Changes in the intestinal microbiome and their circulating metabolites, as well as changes in the blood microbiome also affect the progression of rosacea. Recent research has confirmed the increased presence of bacterial genera like Acidaminococcus and Megasphera in the intestinal microbiome and Rheinheimera and Sphingobium in the blood microbiome of rosacea patients. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the interactions between the immune system and the skin, gut and blood microbiome, with particular attention to rosacea diagnostic opportunities.

Identification of virulence attributes of gastrointestinalEscherichia coliisolates of veterinary significance

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitrita DebRoy ◽  
Carol W. Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Large Plasmids

AbstractThe pathogenic strains ofEscherichia colirecovered from the intestinal tract of animals fall into categories called enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic and necrotoxigenic. The other two categories, enteroinvasive and enteroaggregative, have not been reported in animals. The pathogenicity of these strains is determined by the presence of certain genes that encode adhesins and toxins, are generally organized in large blocks in chromosomes, large plasmids or phages, and are often transmitted horizontally between strains. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the virulence attributes that determine the pathogenic potential ofE. colistrains and the methods available to assess the virulence of the strains. We also discuss the clinical symptoms, the gross and histological lesions, and the molecular diagnostic methods our laboratories have implemented for detecting pathogenic strains ofE. colithat are isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

Immune Modulation by cross-linked Bovine Colostrum in vitro and in vivo

Pteridines ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Ninfa R. Pedersen ◽  
Budi J. Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Tryptophan Degradation

Abstract Bovine colostrum (BC) is the early thick yellow fluid produced by cows during the first several days after birth of the calf. BC is different from "mature" milk as it contains nutrients and immune factors, which strengthen the immune system of the newborn calf in its first week of life. BC has a long history of use in traditional medicine throughout the world and is currently also used in a topical cream for the treatment of immuno-related skin problems such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. However, despite a large amount of literature concerning the properties of human or bovine colostrum, there are only few reports on the effects of colostrum on the human immune system. In this study, the effects of cross-linked BC containing hyaluronic acid on the T-cell/macrophage interplay were investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the results were compared with the effects of euxyl 9010, which was used to preserve the BC ingredients. The cross-linked BC preparations showed significant immunomodulatory effects on unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human PBMC by modulating tryptophan degradation and formation of neopterin in a biphasic manner. These results could be relevant for some of the beneficial effects of BC observed in the treatment of skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the first positive results obtained in patients.

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