scholarly journals Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiel van Geffen ◽  
Astrid Deißler ◽  
Markus Quante ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco ◽  
Fábio Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa ◽  
Anna Julia Pietrobon ◽  
Maria Notomi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Proinflammatory Factors

Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, impact the immune system, usually as proinflammatory factors. Other mediators act as regulatory components to establish homeostasis after injury or prevent the inflammatory process. Histamine, a biogenic vasoactive amine, causes symptoms such as allergies and has a pleiotropic effect that is dependent on its interaction with its four histamine receptors. In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. We also evaluate the interactions between these effects.

Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Wessels ◽  
Henrike Josephine Fischer ◽  
Lothar Rink
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Toward Understanding the Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Immune System: Current Progress and Future Trends

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Hanieh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Active Research

The immune system is regulated by distinct signaling pathways that control the development and function of the immune cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that ligation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), an environmentally responsive transcription factor, results in multiple cross talks that are capable of modulating these pathways and their downstream responsive genes. Most of the immune cells respond to such modulation, and many inflammatory response-related genes contain multiple xenobiotic-responsive elements (XREs) boxes upstream. Active research efforts have investigated the physiological role of Ahr in inflammation and autoimmunity using different animal models. Recently formed paradigm has shown that activation of Ahr by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) prompts the differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits T helper (Th)-17 suggesting that Ahr is an innovative therapeutic strategy for autoimmune inflammation. These promising findings generate a basis for future clinical practices in humans. This review addresses the current knowledge on the role of Ahr in different immune cell compartments, with a particular focus on inflammation and autoimmunity.

scholarly journals The contribution of animal models to understanding the role of the immune system in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tylah Miles ◽  
Gerard F Hoyne ◽  
Darryl A Knight ◽  
Mark W Fear ◽  
Steven E Mutsaers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis

scholarly journals Platelets: a potential role in chronic respiratory diseases?

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (161) ◽  
pp. 210062
Author(s):  
Mohamad Chebbo ◽  
Catherine Duez ◽  
Marie C. Alessi ◽  
Pascal Chanez ◽  
Delphine Gras
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

Platelets are small anucleate cells known for their role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In recent years, an increasing number of observations have suggested that platelets are also immune cells and key modulators of immunity. They express different receptors and molecules that allow them to respond to pathogens, and to interact with other immune cells. Platelets were linked to the pathogenesis of some inflammatory disorders including respiratory diseases such as asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we discuss the involvement of platelets in different immune responses, and we focus on their potential role in various chronic lung diseases.

scholarly journals Relationship between Occupational Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles, Nanoparticle Lung Burden and Lung Diseases

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Valérie Forest ◽  
Jérémie Pourchez ◽  
Carole Pélissier ◽  
Sabyne Audignon Durand ◽  
Jean-Michel Vergnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Inhaled Particles ◽  
First Results ◽  
Inhaled Nanoparticles

The biomonitoring of nanoparticles in patients’ broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) could allow getting insights into the role of inhaled biopersistent nanoparticles in the etiology/development of some respiratory diseases. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the biomonitoring of nanoparticles in BAL, interstitial lung diseases and occupational exposure to these particles released unintentionally. We analyzed data from a cohort of 100 patients suffering from lung diseases (NanoPI clinical trial, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02549248) and observed that most of the patients showed a high probability of exposure to airborne unintentionally released nanoparticles (>50%), suggesting a potential role of inhaled nanoparticles in lung physiopathology. Depending on the respiratory disease, the amount of patients likely exposed to unintentionally released nanoparticles was variable (e.g., from 88% for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to 54% for sarcoidosis). These findings are consistent with the previously performed mineralogical analyses of BAL samples that suggested (i) a role of titanium nanoparticles in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and (ii) a contribution of silica submicron particles to sarcoidosis. Further investigations are necessary to draw firm conclusions but these first results strengthen the array of presumptions on the contribution of some inhaled particles (from nano to submicron size) to some idiopathic lung diseases.

scholarly journals Endoglin: An ‘Accessory’ Receptor Regulating Blood Cell Development and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9247
Author(s):  
Steffen K. Meurer ◽  
Ralf Weiskirchen
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Type I ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tgf Β1

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic factor sensed by most cells. It regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses including hematopoiesis. In order to process TGF-β1-responses in time and space in an appropriate manner, there is a tight regulation of its signaling at diverse steps. The downstream signaling is mediated by type I and type II receptors and modulated by the ‘accessory’ receptor Endoglin also termed cluster of differentiation 105 (CD105). Endoglin was initially identified on pre-B leukemia cells but has received most attention due to its high expression on activated endothelial cells. In turn, Endoglin has been figured out as the causative factor for diseases associated with vascular dysfunction like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-1 (HHT-1), pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUPR). Because HHT patients often show signs of inflammation at vascular lesions, and loss of Endoglin in the myeloid lineage leads to spontaneous inflammation, it is speculated that Endoglin impacts inflammatory processes. In line, Endoglin is expressed on progenitor/precursor cells during hematopoiesis as well as on mature, differentiated cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, so far only pro-monocytes and macrophages have been in the focus of research, although Endoglin has been identified in many other immune system cell subsets. These findings imply a functional role of Endoglin in the maturation and function of immune cells. Aside the functional relevance of Endoglin in endothelial cells, CD105 is differentially expressed during hematopoiesis, arguing for a role of this receptor in the development of individual cell lineages. In addition, Endoglin expression is present on mature immune cells of the innate (i.e., macrophages and mast cells) and the adaptive (i.e., T-cells) immune system, further suggesting Endoglin as a factor that shapes immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on Endoglin expression and function in hematopoietic precursors and mature hematopoietic cells of different lineages.

scholarly journals Exosome: The Regulator of the Immune System in Sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Qiu ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Youjing Dong ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Organ Dysfunctions ◽  
Body Response

Sepsis is a syndrome comprised of a series of life-threatening organ dysfunctions caused by a maladjusted body response to infection with no effective treatment. There is growing evidence that the immune system plays a core role in sepsis. Pathogens cause abnormal host immune response and eventually lead to immunosuppression, which is an important cause of death in patients with sepsis. Exosomes are vesicles derived from double invagination of plasma membrane, associating with immune responses closely. The cargos delivered by exosomes into recipient cells, especially immune cells, effectively alter their response and functions in sepsis. In this review, we focus on the effects and mechanisms of exosomes on multiple immune cells, as well as the role of immune cell-derived exosomes in sepsis. This is helpful for us to have an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of immune disorders in sepsis. Exosomes is also expected to become a novel target and therapeutic approach for sepsis.

scholarly journals Cells of the Immune System in Cardiac Remodeling: Main Players in Resolution of Inflammation and Repair After Myocardial Infarction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kologrivova ◽  
Marina Shtatolkina ◽  
Tatiana Suslova ◽  
Vyacheslav Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Left Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Resolution Of Inflammation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The burden of heart failure (HF), developing after myocardial infarction MI, still represents a major issue in clinical practice. Failure of appropriate resolution of inflammation during post-myocardial injury is associated with unsuccessful left ventricular remodeling and underlies HF pathogenesis. Cells of the immune system have been shown to mediate both protective and damaging effects in heart remodeling. This ambiguity of the role of the immune system and inconsistent results of the recent clinical trials question the benefits of anti-inflammatory therapies during acute MI. The present review will summarize knowledge of the roles that different cells of the immune system play in the process of post-infarct cardiac healing. Data on the phenotype, active molecules and functions of the immune cells, based on the results of both experimental and clinical studies, will be provided. For some cellular subsets, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and lymphocytes, an anti-inflammatory activity has been attributed to the specific subpopulations. Activity of other cells, such as eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells has been shown to be highly dependent of the signals created by micro-environment. Also, new approaches for classification of cellular phenotypes based on the single-cell RNA sequencing allow better understanding of the phenotype of the cells involved in resolution of inflammation. Possible perspectives of immune-mediated therapy for AMI patients are discussed in the conclusion. We also outline unresolved questions that need to be solved in order to implement the current knowledge on the role of the immune cells in post-MI tissue repair into practice.

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