Fertilisation, rainfall and crop yield

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Márton
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Total N ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Ammonium Lactate ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Set Up

The effect of rainfall quantity and distribution and of N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilisation on the yields of rye, potato, winter wheat and triticale were evaluated in the 42 years of a long-term mineral fertilisation experiment [soil (acidic, sandy, brown forest) × fertilisation (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) × rainfall (quantity, distribution) × crop (rye, potato, winter wheat, triticale)] set up in 1962 under fragile agro-ecological conditions in the Nyírlugos-Nyírség region of Eastern Hungary. The soil had the following agrochemical characteristics: pH (H2O) 5.9, pH (KCl) 4.7, hydrolytic acidity 8.4, hy1 0.3, humus 0.7%, total N 34 mg kg-1, ammonium lactate (AL)-soluble P2O5 43 mg kg-1, AL-K2O 60 mg kg-1 in the ploughed layer. From 1962 to 1980 the experiment consisted of 2×16×4×4=512 plots and from 1980 of 32×4=128 plots in split-split-plot and factorial random block designs. The gross plot size was 10×5=50 m2. The average fertiliser rates in kg ha-1 year-1 were nitrogen 45, phosphorus 24 (P2O5), potassium 40 (K2O), magnesium 7.5 (MgO) until 1980 and nitrogen 75, phosphorus 90 (P2O5), potassium 90 (K2O), magnesium 140 (MgCO3) after 1980. The main results and conclusions were as follows: The rainfall quantities averaged over many years and in the experimental years, and during the growing season, averaged over many years and in the experimental years, were 567, 497, 509, 452 mm for rye and 586, 509, 518 and 467 mm for winter wheat. Rainfall deviations from the many years' average -3% and -13% in the experimental years and during the growing season for potato and 2% and -3% for triticale. During the vegetation period the relationships between rainfall quantity, NPKCaMg nutrition and yield could be characterised primarily by quadratic correlations. Maximum yields of 4.0 t ha-1 for rye, 21.0 t ha-1 for potato, 3.4 t ha-1 for winter wheat and 5.0-6.0 t ha-1 for triticale were recorded when the natural rainfall amounted to 430-500, 280-330, 449-495 and 550-600 mm, respectively. At values above and below these figures there was a considerable reduction in the yield. The results showed that the crop yields were strongly influenced (quadratic correlation) by interactions between N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilisation and rainfall quantity and distribution.

scholarly journals A műtrágyázás és a csapadék változékonyságának hatása a kukorica (Zea mays L.) termésére

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Márton
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Set Up

The effect of natural rainfall and N, P and K nutrients on the yield of maize was investigated in 16 years of a long-term fertilization experiment set up at the Experimental Station of the Institute in Nagyhörcsök. The soil was a calcareous chernozem, having the following characteristics: pH (KCl): 7.3, CaCO 3 : 5%, humus: 3%, clay: 20-22%, AL-soluble P 2 O 5 : 60-80, AL-soluble K 2 O: 180-200, KCl-soluble Mg: 150-180; KCl+ EDTA-soluble Mn, Cu and Zn content: 80-150, 2-3 and 1-2 mg·kg -1 . The experiment had a split-split-plot design with 20 treatments in 4 replications, giving a total of 80 plots. The treatments involved three levels each of N and P and two levels of K in all possible combinations (3×3×2=18), together with an untreated control and one treatment with a higher rate of NPK, not included in the factorial system. The main results can be summarized as follows: An analysis of the weather in the 16 experimental years revealed that there were no average years, as two years were moderately dry (1981, 1982), eight were very dry (1973, 1978, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2002) and six were very wet (1969, 1974, 1977, 1994, 1998, 2001). In dry years the N, NP and NK treatments led to a yield increment of over 3.0  t·ha -1 (3.2 t·ha -1 ) (81%) compared with the unfertilized control, while the full NPK treatment caused hardly any increase in the maize yield (7.2 t·ha -1 ). In the case of drought there was a 4.0% yield loss in the N, NP and NK treatments compared to the same treatments in the dry years. This loss was only 1.0% in the NPK treatment. In very wet years the positive effects of a favourable water supply could be seen even in the N, NP and NK treatments (with yields of around 7.4 t·ha -1 ). The yield increment in these treatments compared with the droughty years averaged 8%, while balanced NPK fertilization led to a further 2% increase (10%). Significant quadratic correlations were found between the rainfall quantity during the vegetation period and the yield, depending on the nutrient supplies (Ø: R = 0.7787***, N: R = 0.8997***, NP: R = 0.9338***, NK: R = 0.9574***, NPK: R = 0.8906***). The optimum rainfall quantity and the corresponding grain yield ranged from 328-349 mm and 5.0-7.7 t·ha -1 , respectively, depending on the fertilizer rate. The grain yield increment obtained per mm rainfall in the case of optimum rainfall supplies was found to be 14.3-23.2 kg·ha -1 , while the quantity of rainfall utilized during the vegetation period for the production of 1 kg air-dry matter in the case of maximum yield amounted to 698, 449, 480, 466 and 431 litres in the control, N, NP, NK and NPK treatments, respectively. It was clear from the 43-year meteorological database for the experimental station (1961-2003) that over the last 23 years (1981-2003) the weather has become substantially drier. Compared with the data for the previous 20 years (1961-1980) there was an increase of 20, 500 and 50% in the number of average, dry and droughty years, no change in the number of wet years and a 71% drop in the number of very wet years.

scholarly journals Principal component analysis for functional data on grain yield of winter wheat cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Krzyśko ◽  
Adriana Derejko ◽  
Tomasz Górecki ◽  
Edward Gacek
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Testing Environments

Summary The aim of this paper is to present a statistical methodology to assess patterns of cultivars' adaptive response to agricultural environments (agroecosystems) on the basis of complete Genotype x Crop Management x Location x Year (GxMxLxY) data obtained from 3-year multi-location twofactor trials conducted within the framework of the Polish post-registration trials (PDOiR), with an illustration of the application and usefulness of this methodology in analyzing winter wheat grain yield. Producing specific varieties for each subregion of a target region, from widely adapted varieties, may exploit positive genotype x location (GL) interactions to increase crop yields. Experiments designed to examine combinations of environment (E), management practices (M) and cultivars (G) also provide evidence of the relative importance of each of these factors for yield improvement. The evidence shows that variation due to E far outweighs the variation of grain yield that can be attributed to M or G, or the interactions between these factors, and between these factors and E (Anderson, 2010). This statistical method involves the use of functional PCA and cluster analysis. A total of 24 cultivars were evaluated over 3 years in 20 environments using randomized incomplete split-block designs with two replications per trial. The methodology proved an efficient tool for the reliable classification of 24 winter wheat cultivars, distinguishing cultivar groups that exhibited homogeneous adaptive response to environments. It enables the identification of cultivars displaying wide or specific adaptation. The remaining cultivars were locally adapted to some testing environments, or some of them were not relatively adapted to the environments because they always yielded substantially below the environmental means. Performing earlier specific selection, or adopting distinct genetic bases for each agro-ecosystem, may further increase the advantage of specific breeding.

Effects of timing of water stress on yield and berry size

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1249-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Greven ◽  
V. Raw ◽  
B. A. West
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Berry Size ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Irrigation Research ◽  
Mild Water Stress

Past irrigation research in Marlborough showed that reducing irrigation on grapes by up to 60% would not have any impact on yield, but that the timing of the irrigation might be important for maintenance of yields. A research trial was set up with Sauvignon blanc grapes planted in containers; periods of water stress were applied for three weeks at different times of the growing season. During the three years of the trial the post-flowering (PO-F) period was consistently most sensitive to water stress. At harvest time, the crop yields for the PO-F water-stressed vines were 55%, 72% and 90% of control yields for the three consecutive years, and the bunch weights were 59%, 84% and 95%. Berry weights for the PO-F water-stressed vines were 87%, 96% and 73% of the control values, although the second-year difference was not significant. In two years out of three, there was a trend for PO-F and pre-veraison (PR-V) water-stressed vines to have the lowest berry soluble solids contents (°Brix), indicating a delay in maturity. We suggest that to use irrigation sustainably, it is safe to reduce water applications for most of the season, but that immediately after flowering, any water stress should be avoided. During the period leading up to veraison, some mild water stress can be applied.

Spatial patterns in winter wheat development related to soil properties and historic management. A case study from central Belgium.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Goffart ◽  
Klara Dvorakova ◽  
Yannick Curnel ◽  
Quentin Limbourg ◽  
Giacomo Crucil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Area Index

<p>Intra-field heterogeneity of soil properties is function of complex interaction between biological, physical factors and historic agricultural management. Quantifying the spatial patterns of soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), phosphorous, exchangeable cations, pH, soil texture will contribute to an optimization of fertilizer application and crop yields. We tested the capacity of the multispectral Micasense rededge camera mounted on a UAV in order to map the development of winter wheat and related the Red-Edge NDVI (RENDVI) from the sensor to the Plant Area Index (PAI) measured in the field. The geo-referenced grain yield of the winter wheat was measured by a combine harvester and the top soil characteristics analysed by a grid based sampling. The spatial patterns in RENDVI at three phenological stages were mapped together with the yields. For each of these images conditional inference trees were used to derive the soil properties that significantly influenced these spatial patterns. Within-field variation in PAI (cv 41 % in March, 27% in April and 9 % in May) and yield (cv 4%) can be observed. The spatial patterns of RENDVI are rather constant and their correlation with yields is highest in March and April (r=0.64). Soil properties explain between 67 to 79 % of the variance in vegetation index throughout the growing season as well as 67 % of the variance in yield.  Legacy effects of land consolidation two years earlier reflected in the field lay-out, pH and exchangeable K are significant factors explaining around 12-18 % of the variance in crop yield each. The SOC contents were overall low (8-15 g kg-1). Hence, the N supply resulting from SOC mineralization throughout the growing season covered less than 10% of the crop needs and the yield patterns did not reflect the variation in SOC contents.</p>

Relevant issues of land reclamation development in Non-black Earth area

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Aleksey Ivanov ◽  
Yuri Yanko
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Edible Roots ◽  
Social Economic Development

Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.

Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jodie A. Crose ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

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