The micro-wear technique and its application to ultrathin film systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W. Wu ◽  
C-K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Servo Control ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
Carbon Coatings ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Coating Failure ◽  
Electrical Conducting ◽  
Wear Friction

A micro-wear testing technique has been developed by incorporating a piezoelectric pusher into an existing microindenter system. The pusher and its associated servo-control circuitry were designed to generate a precise reciprocating horizontal motion at the indenter tip for implementing a microscaled wear test. The information acquired from the test includes the wear loading curve, i.e., the normal applied load versus wear penetration depth, the friction force, and in turn, the apparent wear friction coefficient. Measuring the electrical resistance across the coating thickness is also possible if an electrical conducting indenter is utilized. Furthermore, in conjunction with the surface characterization tools, the wear morphology revealed useful information regarding the coating failure mechanism(s) and shed some light toward understanding coating tribology. The tester design concepts, operating procedure, data acquisition, and analysis will be examined. Experimental results on ultrathin carbon coatings with various thicknesses will be employed to illustrate the capabilities of the micro-wear tester.

Micro-Wear Technique and its Application to Ultra Thin Film Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W. Wu ◽  
C.-K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Servo Control ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Carbon Coatings ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Coating Failure ◽  
Thin Carbon ◽  
Electrical Conducting ◽  
Wear Friction

ABSTRACTA micro-wear testing technique has been developed by incorporating a piezoelectric pusher into an existing micro-indenter system. The pusher and its associated servo-control circuitry were designed to generate a precise reciprocating horizontal motion at the indenter tip for implementing micro-scaled wear test. The information acquired from the test includes the wear loading curve, i.e., the normal applied load versus wear penetration depth, the friction force and in turn, the apparent wear friction coefficient. Acquiring the electrical resistance across the coating thickness is also possible if an electrical conducting indenter is utilized. Furthermore, in collaboration with the surface characterization tools, the wear morphology revealed useful information regarding the coating failure mechanism(s) and shed some light towards understanding coating tribology. The tester design concepts, operating procedure, data acquisition and analysis will be examined. Experimental results on ultra thin carbon coatings with various thicknesses will be employed to illustrate the capabilities of the microwear tester.

An Innovative System for Fretting Wear Testing Under Oscillating Normal Force

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1591-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Huq ◽  
C. Butaye ◽  
J-P. Celis
Keyword(s):  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Normal Force ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Electrical Contact Resistance ◽  
Wide Range

Material damage caused by fretting wear is of significant concern in many engineering applications. This paper describes the design and performance of a new machine for the laboratory investigation of fretting wear under oscillating normal force (fretting mode II). The test machine uses an electromagnetic actuator to impose an oscillating normal force between the contacting bodies at a constant force amplitude over a wide range of frequencies. The principle of the actuation mechanism and the fretting wear induced with this particular wear test configuration are outlined in detail. Normal force and electrical contact resistance were measured on-line during fretting mode II wear tests. The performance of the wear test machine is illustrated by data obtained for different materials combinations, namely, hard materials, such as high-speed steel and (Ti,Al)N coatings oscillating against alumina ball counterbodies, and soft materials, such as a tin coating oscillating against the same. In general, wearing of the counterbodies was observed in the slip region. It has been observed that hard coatings and bulk ceramics are prone to fretting fatigue cracking. The evolution of electrical contact resistance in the case of the self-mated soft tin coatings tested under fretting mode II conditions is also reported.

Scratch and Sliding Wear Testing of Electroless Ni–B–W Coating

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Nemane ◽  
Satyajit Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electroless Ni

Abstract Electroless Ni–B–W coating is deposited on low carbon steel in an alkaline sodium borohydride-reduced electroless bath. The mechanical and tribological properties of such coatings are much necessary to be assessed to carry out application-based studies. The present work focuses mainly on the evaluation of hardness and fracture toughness of electroless Ni–B–W coatings using a scratch tester. Coating's response toward scratching is also studied thoroughly. The characteristic short-range order present in its lattice structure causes the generation of a specific behavioral pattern. Furthermore, a linear sliding wear test is carried out on coatings' surface to analyze the wear behavior at different loading conditions. The specific wear rate is observed to be minimum at a normal load of 22.5 N against Si3N4 counterbody. The patterns of tribological behavior of the coating at different load values are examined from the worn surface morphologies. But before embarking on the scratch and sliding wear tests, the synthesized coatings are characterized under field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction in an exhaustive manner. The growth rates with respect to time and the changes in morphological aspects of the coating are also evaluated. The present study establishes electroless Ni–B–W deposits as a suitable option for protecting mechanical components against wear.

Wear resistance of maraging steel developed by direct metal laser sintering

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1079-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulam Mohammed Sayeed Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
Vineet Tirth ◽  
Ali Algahtani ◽  
Mohammed Azam Ali
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Direct Metal Laser Sintering ◽  
Wear Tests

This work presents wear study on maraging steel developed by additive manufacturing using Direct Metal Laser Sintering, utilizing a laser beam of high-power density for melting and fusing the metallic powders. Short aging treatment was given to the specimen prior to the wear tests. The density and the hardness of the 3D printed maraging steel were found to be better than the homogenized-aged 18Ni1900 maraging steel. The wear resistance is an important aspect that influences the functionality of the components. The wear tests in dry condition were performed on maraging steel on pin/disc standard wear testing machine. The design of experiments was planned and executed based on response surface methodology. This technique is employed to investigate three influencing and controlling constraints namely speed, load, and distance of sliding. It has been observed that sliding speed and normal load significantly affects the wear of the specimen. The statistical optimization confirms that the normal load, sliding distance, and speed are significant for reducing the wear rate. The confirmation test was conducted with a 95% confidence interval using optimal parameters for validation of wear test results. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the wear rate. The experimental results were matched with the projected values. The wear test parameters for minimum and maximum wear rate have been determined.

The Effect of Motion Path on the Wear Rate of UHMWPE for Orthopaedic Implants

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff A. Sprague ◽  
Willard L. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Orthopaedic Implant ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Nonlinear Motion ◽  
Pin On Disk

Abstract The effect of adding a second axis of motion was investigated for pin-on-disk wear testing of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for orthopaedic implant applications. In addition to linear reciprocation of the UHMWPE or metal disk, axial rotation of the metal or UHMWPE pin was conducted. The added rotation reproduces the cross-shear on the UHMWPE surface that is generated in clinically relevant wear simulator tests and in vivo. The wear rates that result from the multi-axis pin-on-disk tests are significantly higher (one to two orders of magnitude) than those seen in the linear-only tests. This supports the findings of other researchers (Bragdon et al., 1996; McKellop, 1995; Walker et al., 1996; Wang et al. 1997) in that the application of nonlinear motion increases the wear of UHMWPE substantially. This is further validated by the comparison of a hip simulator wear test conducted with three axes of motion — rotation, flexion, and abduction — to a test conducted with two axes of motion — rotation and flexion. The absence of the abduction eliminated a significant degree of nonlinear motion (cross-shear) and, consequently, the wear rate was significantly lower than that seen in the test with abduction.

Wear of Spiral Seal Cone Bit in Complex Formations

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Y. Zhou ◽  
J. H. Hu ◽  
B. Tan ◽  
Y. Jiang ◽  
Y. F. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Wear Mechanism ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Wear Properties

Summary Sealing is a technical bottleneck that affects drilling efficiency and cost in deep, difficult-to-drill formations. The spiral combination seal with active sand removal performance is a new type of seal, and the wear mechanism is not clear, resulting in no effective design. In this study, the wear properties of materials were measured by a friction-and-wear testing machine, and the measurement methods and criteria of wear loss and friction coefficient were established. The fitting function of working condition and friction coefficient was studied by fitting regression method. The law of influence of working conditions on friction coefficient and wear amount was determined. The actual wear model and evaluation criteria of wear condition were established by using wear test data and geometric relationship. The relationship among working conditions, contact stress, and wear depth is determined by numerical simulation method, and the wear mechanism of the new seal is revealed, which provides a theoretical basis for its application.

Characterization of aluminium matrix composite of Al-ZnSiFeCuMg alloy reinforced with silica sand tailings particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 7094-7108
Author(s):  
Sukanto . ◽  
Rudy Soenoko ◽  
Wahyono Suprapto ◽  
Yudy Surya Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Aluminium Matrix Composite ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Prohibitive Cost

Due to the increased demand for aluminium and the prohibitive cost of producing primary aluminium, the process of making AMCs using recycled aluminium alloy as a matrix and silica sand tailing without leaching as a filler is essential to be developed. For more cost-effective, the purpose of this study is to make particulate aluminium composite matrix AMCs with a matrix of recycled aluminium and reinforced with silica sand tailing without leaching. This research involves the effect of differences in grain size and filler weight percentage on matrix Al-ZnSiFeCuMg recycled aluminium alloy powder. This study used powder metallurgy technology as well as two-way hot-compaction (300°C) and applied a sintering temperature of 550°C. Density, hardness, and wear testing, as well as microstructure analysis, were conducted to determine the characteristics of the resulting AMCs. An increase in hardness of 67% was achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen, which used a filler grain size of 164 µm wt.20%. Meanwhile, AMCs-31 µm-20%SiO2, which used a filler grain size of 31 µm, only increased by 63%. The wear test result also showed a lower wear rate achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen. The results analyses using SEM-EDS instruments showed higher agglomeration and porosity in specimens using a filler grain size of 31 µm, while AMCs using a filler grain size of 164 µm showed an even spread of filler powder. Therefore, AMCs that used 164 µm powder-sized fillers have a stronger bond between the filler and the matrix and produce AMCs that are harder than AMCs that use 31 µm fillers.

Dilution and C Content Estimation of Stellite 6 Fabricated on a 1050 Steel Substrate by Laser Cladding

2017 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Alain Kusmoko ◽  
Druce Dunne ◽  
Hui Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Stellite 6 ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Stellite Coating

Stellite 6 was fabricated by laser cladding on a 1050 steel (MS) substrate with laser powers of 1 kW (MS-1) and 1.8 kW (MS-1.8). The chemical compositions and microstructures of the coatings were analysed by X-Ray Fluoroscense, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness of the coatings was examined and the wear mechanism of the coatings was evaluated using a ball-on-plate wear testing machine. The results indicated less cracking and pore development for Stellite 6 coatings applied to the 1050 steel substrate with the lower laser power (MS-1). Moreover, the Stellite coating for MS-1 was significantly harder than that obtained for MS-1.8. The wear test results showed that the weight loss for MS-1 was much lower than for MS-1.8. The evaluations of dilution and calculation of carbon content indicated that MS-1 has lower dilution and higher coating C content than MS-1.8. It is concluded that the lower hardness of the coating for MS-1.8, substantially reduced the wear resistance of the Stellite 6 coating and the lower hardness of the coating for MS-1.8 was due to higher level of dilution and lower coating C content. The coating-substrate couple must be considered in assessing the likely performance of the coating under service conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Polypropylene Modification by Impregnation with Oil on Its Wear and Friction Coefficient at Variable Load and Various Friction Rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Sędłak ◽  
Beata Białobrzeska ◽  
Tomasz Stawicki ◽  
Piotr Kostencki
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Friction Torque ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Linear Wear ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Fatigue Wear

Laboratorial two-body wear testing was carried out in order to assess effects of polypropylene modification by impregnating it with oils on friction coefficient and wear in comparison to those parameters of unmodified polypropylene, Teflon, and polyamide during operation under conditions of sliding friction without lubrication. Wear behaviour of the tested specimens was investigated using ASTM G77-98 standard wear test equipment. Recording program made it possible to visualise and record the following parameters: rotational speed and load, linear wear, friction coefficient, temperature of the specimen, and ambient temperature. In addition, wear mechanisms of the analysed materials were determined with use of scanning electron microscopy. In the case of the remaining tested polymers, the most important mechanism of wear was adhesion (PP, PTFE, PA 6.6, and PA MoS2), microcutting (PTFE, PA 6.6, and PA MoS2), fatigue wear (PTFE), forming “roll-shaped particles” combined with plastic deformation (PA 6.6 and PA MoS2), and thermal wear (PP). Impregnation of polypropylene with engine oil, gear oil, or RME results in significant reduction of friction coefficient and thus of friction torque, in relation to not only unmodified polypropylene but also the examined polyamide and Teflon.

Research on wear resistance of plasma remelted FeNiCrAl sprayed coating

2016 ◽  
Vol 232 (12) ◽  
pp. 1036-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongqi Sheng ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jiayao Xuan ◽  
Shicheng Wei ◽  
Yujiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Arc Spraying ◽  
Microhardness Distribution ◽  
Metallurgical Bonding ◽  
Microstructure Density ◽  
Sprayed Coating

To improve the microstructure density of high-velocity arc spraying coating and enhance its adhesive strength and wear resistance, a plasma remelting investigation of the FeNiCrAl sprayed coating was carried out in this study. The microstructure and phase composition of the sprayed coating and the remelted coating were compared by using metalloscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The microhardness distribution and friction wear characteristics of the plasma remelted FeNiCrAl sprayed coating were investigated by microhardness tester and CETR sliding friction wear testing machine. The results showed that the remelted coating has more compact microstructure and presents metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The generation of hard phases such as (Fe,Cr)7C3 and Cr23C6 as well as solid solution (Fe,Cr) increases the microhardness of the remelted coating significantly, about 1.4 times higher than that of the sprayed coating. According to sliding friction wear test, the abrasion losses of the sprayed coating under 10 N and 20 N loads are 4.6 and 10.5 times higher than those of the remelted coating, indicating the better wear resistance of the remelted coating.

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