Traditional Oil Paints: The Effects of Long-Term Chemical and Mechanical Properties on Restoration Efforts

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion F. Mecklenburg ◽  
Charles S. Tumosa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Physical Behavior ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Oil Paints

Some of the most important cultural icons in the world are oil paintings. Preserving them for future generations requires a fundamental understanding of the long-term chemical, mechanical, and physical behavior of their components. If the properties are understood, modeling and even predicting the effects of exposure to changes in temperature, relative humidity, shock, and vibration are possible.

TO THE ISSUE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION OF STATES IN THE FIELD OF THE RATIONAL USE AND PROTECTION OF RESOURCES OF THE WORLD OCEAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Михаил Елизаров
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
The World ◽  
Acute Challenge

Over the decades, attempts were made to elaborate a legally binding single document on ocean resource management that would be acceptable to all countries. The culmination of this process was the adoption of the 1982 UN Convention on the law of sea. Since its entry into force, the Convention has become an important legal basis for ensuring the rational use of the world's ocean resources and their long-term conservation on behalf of future generations. At the same time, there remains the very acute challenge associated with finding a balance between reaching a global consensus on issues that are common to all and identifying topics that can be addressed and resolved by leaders at the global level. As humankind continues to postpone the adoption of urgent measures to prevent the effects of climate change, the environment deteriorates, while measures to mitigate these effects get more expensive and complex.

scholarly journals Organophosphate intermediate syndrome with neurological complications of extrapyramidal symptoms in clinical practice

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
Mark B. Detweiler
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Agricultural Areas

ABSTRACTOrganophosphates (OPs) are ubiquitous in the world as domestic and industrial agricultural insecticides. Intentional poisoning as suicides attempts are clinical phenomena seen in emergency departments and clinics in agricultural areas. Intermediate syndrome with the neurological complication of extra pyramidal symptoms following acute OP ingestion may occur in pediatric and adult cases. While death is the most serious consequence of toxic OP doses, low levels of exposure and nonfatal doses may disrupt the neurobehavioral development of fetuses and children in addition to bring linked to testicular cancer and male and female infertility. These are disturbing. Chronic and acute toxicity from OPs are barriers to the health of our present and future generations. Symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic OP exposure are briefly referenced with inclusion of the intermediate syndrome. Suggestions for local and systemic reduction of the acute and long term consequences of OP ingestion are opined.

scholarly journals The influence of light and relative humidity on the formation of epsomite in cadmium yellow and French ultramarine modern oil paints

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Harrison ◽  
Judith Lee ◽  
Bronwyn Ormsby ◽  
David J. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Oil Paints ◽  
Sulphate Salts

AbstractThe effect of relative humidity (RH) and light on the development of epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) in Winsor & Newton cadmium yellow (CY) and French ultramarine (FU) artists’ oil colour paints was investigated. Tube paint samples were aged for 12 weeks at either 50% or 75% RH, under ambient light (200 ± 1 lx), elevated light (11,807 ± 328 lx), and near-dark conditions. Aged paint samples were characterised using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results indicated that ageing at 75% RH in elevated light conditions, promoted the formation of hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·6–7H2O) crystals on the surface of both paints. The formation of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) as a degradation product of French ultramarine oil paints after ageing at 75% RH in elevated light conditions is described. The formation of magnesium sulphate crystals in the absence of elevated SO2 is a new finding. For both cadmium yellow and French ultramarine oil paints, the pigments present are a likely source of sulphur, enabling the formation of sulphate salts, i.e., cadmium sulphide (CdS) yellow, and the sulphur radical anions (S3−) present in ultramarine pigment. Sulphur-containing impurities arising from pigment manufacture are an additional possibility. It was previously theorised that epsomite formation in water-sensitive twentieth century oil paintings resulted from exposure to the elevated atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels of the 1950s–1970s. This study demonstrates that hydromagnesite-containing cadmium yellow and French ultramarine oil paints of any period may be vulnerable to water-soluble sulphate salts formation and that this process is promoted by exposure to light and high (75%) RH environments. The formation of sulphate salts as a degradation product is known to contribute toward the development of water sensitivity of modern oil paintings which can pose significant challenges to conservation. Therefore this study highlights the importance of minimising exposure to light and raised relative humidity for paintings containing such CY and FU oil paint passages, to help slow down these types of degradation phenomena which have implications for preservation.

scholarly journals Energy in the Context of Sustainability

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina M. Bierbaum ◽  
Pamela A. Matson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
Clean Air

Today and in the coming decades, the world faces the challenge of meeting the needs of a still-growing human population, and of doing it sustainably – that is, without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Energy plays a pivotal role in this challenge, both because of its importance to economic development and because of the myriad interactions and influences it has on other critical sustainability issues. In this essay, we explore some of the direct interactions between energy and other things people need, such as food, water, fuel, and clean air, and also some of its indirect interactions with climate, ecosystems, and the habitability of the planet. We discuss some of the challenges and potential unintended consequences that are associated with a transition to clean, affordable energy as well as opportunities that make sense for energy and other sustainability goals. Pursuing such opportunities is critical not just to meeting the energy needs of nine billion people, but also to meeting their other critical needs and to maintaining a planet that supports human life in the near and long term.

Comparison of Long-Term Ageing Duration of Binary Ag-Cu Alloys

2014 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Labisz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ageing Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Natural Ageing ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
The World

Silver alloys, due to its specific properties are widely used in different branches of industry, with approximately 95% of the world silver production is used in the photographic industry and for jeweller production. Moreover Poland is a significant producer of silver in the world, and takes the 6th place on the list of the world's silver producers with the KGHM Polish Copper Company production on the first place among global companies providing silver on the market, with an annual production at 1281 tones. Because of this impotent role of silver, this work presents microstructure and mechanical properties investigations results of the long aged Ag-Cu alloys used mainly for mint monetary production. The purpose of this work was to determine the microstructural changes after 32 and 40 year of natural ageing time, with appliance of transmission electron microscopy as well as light microscopy. A very important issue - one of the investigations directions is also the possibility of study of spinodal decomposition process, which occurred in this alloy. After the long-time ageing of the material, there are detected morphological different areas of the Ag-α and Cu-β phase. As an implication for appliance in real conditions - as coin metal, or in electronic and chemical industry branches, there is the possibility of application of long term ageing for mechanical properties improvement by natural ageing method. Some other investigations should be performed in the future, but the knowledge found in this research shows an interesting investigation direction, where a low cost but long term treatment operations can be applied.

scholarly journals Effect of Microstructure and Relative Humidity on Strength and Creep of Gypsum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ramon ◽  
Chiara Caselle ◽  
Sabrina Maria Rita Bonetto ◽  
Daniele Costanzo ◽  
Eduardo E. Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
External Parameter ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Gypsum Rock ◽  
Additional Reduction ◽  
Sem Analyses

AbstractThe wide range of gypsum facies observed all over the world and the strong heterogeneity that may be present even within a single facies often cause an inhomogeneous mechanical response that, if neglected, may be particularly dangerous in the framework of underground excavations. In addition, gypsum is particularly sensible to the presence of water. The high relative humidity conditions often registered in underground gypsum quarries may imply an additional worsening of mechanical properties. In the present study, the strength and the creep response of a natural gypsum rock facies are investigated, considering the influence of material heterogeneity and relative humidity conditions. The heterogeneity of the material, quantified with MIP and SEM analyses, is observed to strongly affect the mechanical response. To this intrinsic mechanical variability, the influence of an external parameter as the relative humidity is observed to generate an additional reduction of material strength and to increase the creep strain rate in the long-term tests. The effect of all these elements in the underground quarry framework is discussed and a constitutive model of these experimental results is provided.

scholarly journals Energy Crisis and Nuclear Fusion Power

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Hari K.C.
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Fusion Process ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Fusion Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Tokamak Reactors ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Near Future

Due to the rapid industrialization and luxurious life style of mankind all of the non renewable sources of energy are going to finish in near future. To address energy crisis problem it is necessary to search or invent long lasting new sources of energy which could run the world for long term. Here, in this article a attempt has been made to discuss a new source of energy called nuclear fusion process. Several methods made to produce energy from nuclear fusion process are tried to discuss here. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generations, but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges. The main hope is centered on tokamak reactors which confine deuterium-tritium plasma magnetically. The Himalayan Physics Year 5, Vol. 5, Kartik 2071 (Nov 2014)Page: 131-136

How Science and Spirituality Can Lead the Way to Global Healing

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
Robyn Lebron-Anders
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Emotional Energy ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss all the different groups of people who have been disenfranchised due to the CoV-19 pandemic. In addition to breaking down each group with details of how and why they are in this category, there are also comparative references to the long-term effects of these situations and how these issues may play out in future generations. The problems of today will most likely have far reaching effects on not only the way humanity relates to one another, but how it may affect the evolution of humankind. It is crucial that we work on ways to help heal this situation by reaching out directly to the mental and emotional energy that each of us possesses. The understanding of the CoV-19 situation is still in flux, and the answers to all the questions remain unavailable. The conflicting information is increasing the stress, fear, and anxiety of the world. There is scientific proof that negative emotions affect humans physically and mentally. Humanity must come up with a way to reach people within their isolation and teach them to cope with this uncertainty.

The Changing Mechanical Properties of Aging Oil Paints

2004 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion F. Mecklenburg ◽  
Charles S. Tumosa ◽  
David Erhardt
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Oil Paints ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe stiffening and embrittlement of oil paints over time has been a real concern for those responsible for the long term care and preservation of paintings. This paper examines the effects of time, pigments, relative humidity (RH), temperature and solvents on the mechanical properties of traditional oil paints. In this way it is possible to determine the role of each factor in causing the paints to become brittle. Even after 14 years the oil paints show little evidence that the long term “maturing” processes have begun to slow down. It is shown that there seems to be little correlation between the time paint requires to “dry-to-the-touch” and the longer term mechanical properties. Both low and high temperature levels can increase the stiffness of the paints though the mechanisms are quite different. Considerable hydrolysis of the paints occurs early in their history and the ones that hydrolyze most quickly are the ones that remain the most flexible.

The Instruments of the Stabilization Fund: The Experience and Prospects

2004 ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Afanasiev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
The World

Сreation of the stabilization fund has become the main feature of the Russian federal budget for 2004. This instrument provides the opportunity to reduce the dependence of budget incomes on the fluctuations of oil prices. The accepted model does not consider the world experience in building of such funds as the "funds for future generations", and the increase of other revenues from the growing oil prices as well. That can lead to shortening and immobilization of the financial basis of economic growth.

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