Accelerating Laboratory Thin Film Photovoltaic Innovation into Commercial Production

2009 ◽  
Vol 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Managing Risk

AbstractAlternative energy sources such as thin film photovoltaics can be accelerated by improving the rapid and successful transition from laboratory research innovation to commercial production. Most laboratory research and development is on a small scale and its production is in small volumes. It focuses on exploration, discovery, and understanding. When the successful innovation is commercialized, both the scale and the volume increase dramatically and the focus shifts to performance, reliability, yield and cost. This transformation can be accelerated by closely managing risk and by integrating the equipment design and the process development. Also, the cadmium telluride photovoltaic technology has properties that make it more amenable to rapid scale up to low cost and high volume manufacturing.

scholarly journals Development of a design and implementation process for the integration of hydrokinetic devices into existing infrastructure in South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Niebuhr ◽  
M Van Dijk ◽  
JN Bhagwan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Modular Units

In South Africa there is currently no notable use of modern small-scale hydrokinetic (HK) energy systems, mainly due to formerly low-cost coal-powered electricity. This renewable energy option makes use of the kinetic energy from flowing water, rather than potential energy, which is more often used in conventional hydropower. Updated refined versions of this technology are now being investigated and manufactured due to the global drive towards reducing carbon emissions and increasing energy efficiency. These modular units allow for installation of HK turbines into existing water infrastructure with very little civil works. The study’s objective was to develop a simplified design and implementation process for HK devices within the South African legislative and regulatory environment. Approximately 66% of South Africa’s water supply is used by the agricultural sector with more than 6 500 km of canal systems running through many areas which could benefit from alternative energy sources. The recent electricity crisis in the country allowed for problem resolution through funding opportunities and thereby an introduction of an innovative and sustainable technology to provide renewable electricity where otherwise not feasible. A pilot HK project was implemented in an applicable section on the Boegoeberg irrigation canal in the Northern Cape Province and tested for optimum functionality and correct application. This process allowed evolution of a development process for the implementation of HK devices in existing water infrastructure.

scholarly journals A credible pathway for heavy ion driven target fabrication and injection

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. GOODIN ◽  
A. NOBILE ◽  
N.B. ALEXANDER ◽  
L.C. BROWN ◽  
J.L. MAXWELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Development Program ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Target Chamber ◽  
Inertial Fusion ◽  
Inertial Fusion Energy

The Target Fabrication Facility (TFF) of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant must supply about 500,000 targets per day. The target is injected into the target chamber at a rate of 5–10 Hz and tracked precisely so the heavy ion driver beams can be directed to the target. The feasibility of developing successful fabrication and injection methodologies at the low cost required for energy production (about $0.25/target, approximately 104 times less than current costs) is a critical issue for inertial fusion energy. A significant program is underway to develop the high-volume methods to supply economical IFE targets. This article reviews the requirements for heavy ion driven IFE target fabrication and injection, and presents the current status of and results from the development program. For the first time, an entire pathway from beginning to end is outlined for fabrication of a high-gain, distributed radiator target. A significant development and scale-up program will be necessary to implement this pathway for mass production of IFE targets.

Image Processing for Solar Cell Analysis, Diagnostics and Quality Assurance Inspection

2013 ◽  
pp. 338-375
Author(s):  
Michael G. Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Infrared Cameras ◽  
Primary Focus

Image capturing, processing, and analysis have numerous uses in solar cell research, device and process development and characterization, process control, and quality assurance and inspection. Solar cell image processing is expanding due to the increasing performance (resolution, sensitivity, spectral range) and low-cost of commercial CCD and infrared cameras. Methods and applications are discussed, with primary focus on monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar cells using visible and infrared (thermography) wavelengths. The most prominent applications relate to mapping of minority carrier lifetime, shunts, and defects in solar cell wafers, in various stages of the manufacturing process. Other applications include measurements of surface texture and reflectivity, surface cleanliness, integrity of metallization lines, uniformity of coatings, and crystallographic texture and grain size. Image processing offers the capability to assess large-areas (> 100 cm2) with a non-contact, fast (~ 1 second), and modest cost. The challenge is to quantify and interpret the image data in order to better inform device design, process engineering, and quality control. Many promising solar cell technologies fail in the transition from laboratory to factory due to issues related to scale-up in area and manufacturing throughput. Image analysis provides an effective method to assess areal uniformity, device-to-device reproducibility, and defect densities. More integration of image analysis from research devices to field testing of modules will continue as the photovoltaics industry matures.

scholarly journals Process Development and Scale-up Optimization of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain-Based Vaccine Candidate, RBD219-N1C1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungsoon Lee ◽  
Zhuyun Liu ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Junfei Wei ◽  
Rakhi Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein Antigen ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractA SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1 (RBD219-N1C1) recombinant protein antigen formulated on Alhydrogel® has recently been shown to elicit a robust neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in mice. The antigen has been produced under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and is now in clinical testing. Here, we report on process development and scale-up optimization for upstream fermentation and downstream purification of the antigen. This includes production at the 1 and 5 L scale in the yeast, Pichia pastoris, and the comparison of three different chromatographic purification methods. This culminated in the selection of a process to produce RBD219-N1C1 with a yield of >400 mg per liter of fermentation with >92% purity and >39% target product recovery after purification. In addition, we show the results from analytical studies, including SEC-HPLC, DLS, and an ACE2 receptor binding assay that were performed to characterize the purified proteins to select the best purification process. Finally, we propose an optimized upstream fermentation and downstream purification process that generates quality RBD219-N1C1 protein antigen and is fully scalable at a low cost.

scholarly journals Process development and scale-up optimization of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain–based vaccine candidate, RBD219-N1C1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungsoon Lee ◽  
Zhuyun Liu ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Junfei Wei ◽  
Rakhi Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein Antigen ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Purification Methods

Abstract A SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1 (RBD219-N1C1) recombinant protein antigen formulated on Alhydrogel® has recently been shown to elicit a robust neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in mice. The antigen has been produced under current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) and is now in clinical testing. Here, we report on process development and scale-up optimization for upstream fermentation and downstream purification of the antigen. This includes production at the 1-L and 5-L scales in the yeast, Pichia pastoris, and the comparison of three different chromatographic purification methods. This culminated in the selection of a process to produce RBD219-N1C1 with a yield of >400 mg per liter of fermentation with >92% purity and >39% target product recovery after purification. In addition, we show the results from analytical studies, including SEC-HPLC, DLS, and an ACE2 receptor binding assay that were performed to characterize the purified proteins to select the best purification process. Finally, we propose an optimized upstream fermentation and downstream purification process that generates quality RBD219-N1C1 protein antigen and is fully scalable at a low cost. Key points • Yeast fermentation conditions for a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine were determined. • Three purification protocols for a COVID-19 vaccine antigen were compared. • Reproducibility of a scalable, low-cost process for a COVID-19 vaccine was shown. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Cost per insertion and couple year of protection for post-partum intrauterine devices and implants provided during service scale-up in Kigali, Rwanda

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Wall ◽  
Rosine Ingabire ◽  
Susan Allen ◽  
Etienne Karita
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Doctoral Level ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: In two high-volume government hospitals, their two affiliated health facilities, and two additional health facilities, we developed and implemented post-partum intrauterine device (PPIUD) and post-partum (PP) implant promotions and service delivery procedures between May and July 2017 in Kigali, Rwanda. Between August 2017 and July 2018, 9,073 pregnant women received PPIUD/PP implant promotions who later delivered in one of our selected facilities. Of those, 2,633 had PPIUDs inserted, and 955 had PP implants inserted. Methods: Here, we detail the expenditures during the implementation from the payer perspective (including both the implementation costs and the cost of contraceptive methods) and estimate the cost per PPIUD insertion, PP implant insertion, and couple years of protection (CYP) for PPIUD and PP implant users. Research costs for formative work were excluded. Results: A total of $74,147 USD was spent on the implementation between August 2017 and July 2018. The largest expense (34% of total expenses) went toward personnel, including doctoral-level, administrative, data management and nurse counseling staff. Training for PPIUD and implant providers and promoters comprised 8% of total expenses. Recruitment and reimbursements comprised 6% of expenses. Costs of implants to the government comprised 12% of the expenses, much higher than the cost of IUDs (1%). Costs per insertion were $25/PPIUDs and $77/PP implant. Costs per CYP were $5/PPIUDs and $20/PP implant. Conclusion: The PPIUD/PP implant service implementation provided services at a low cost per insertion and CYP. Understanding the cost per PPIUD/PP implant inserted and CYP can help to inform the cost of scaling up PPIUD/PP implant service implementation activities and resource allocation decision-making by the Rwandan Ministry of Health.

Investigation of Using Contact and Non-contact Printing Technologies For Organic Transistor Fabrication

2002 ◽  
Vol 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Paul Brazis ◽  
A. Roy Chowdhuri ◽  
John Szczech ◽  
Dan Gamota
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Organic Polymer ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Material System ◽  
Contact Printing

AbstractLow cost, high volume manufacturing processes are envisioned for solution processable organic semiconductor integrated circuits (IC) fabrication. The organic IC may be the low cost solution for driving electronic devices, i.e. smart cards, RFID tags, flexible displays, personal area networks, and body area networks. This study investigated the manufacturability of organic electronics (organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), etc.) using commercially available printing technologies and materials systems qualified for use in microelectronic products. The evaluated contact printing technologies were pad printing and screen-printing; the non-contact printing technologies were ink jetting and micro dispensing. The material system selection for transistor structures and active layers was based on printing technology requirements and commercial availability. The materials were polymer thick film conductors and insulators, conductive nano-particle suspensions, and organic polymer systems. A series of material property characterization and printing process development studies were conducted. Several OFET designs were created and functional all printed organic transistors were demonstrated. The device electrical performance was characterized.

Transition From MEMS Technology to Nanofabrication

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Glinsner ◽  
P. Lindner ◽  
P. Kettner ◽  
H. Kirchberger
Keyword(s):  
Nanoimprint Lithography ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mems Technology

The successful commercialization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) from R&D to off-the-shelf products and systems has evolved from laboratory research to reliable and low cost industrial processing methods over the past 20 years. Standardization, infrastructure, roadmaps and industrial associations have been deemed key contributors for a successful transition and adaptation of microelectronics fabrication techniques to a specific nature of manufacturing MEMS devices resulted in turn key solutions for low cost, high yield and high volume wafer level processing. The need for smaller feature sizes as well as low cost manufacturing solutions has lead to significant improvements of the classical optical lithography in the past two decades following Moore’s law. Alternative patterning techniques are under development worldwide for producing patterns in the nm-range. There are similarities between MEMS and Nanofabrication requirement that allow for transitioning standardized and reliable processing technology from wafer bonding to hot embossing and from wafer level packaging to μ-CP and UV-based Nanoimprint Lithography.

scholarly journals Utilization of By-Product of Groundnut Oil Processing for Production of Prodigiosin by Microbial Fermentation and Its Novel Potent Anti-Nematodes Effect

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Thi Hanh Nguyen ◽  
San-Lang Wang ◽  
Manh Dung Doan ◽  
Thi Huyen Nguyen ◽  
Thi Ha Trang Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Application ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Oil Processing

This study aimed to reuse groundnut oil processing by-product, groundnut cake (GNC) for the low-cost production of prodigiosin (PG) via microbial technology and to assess its novel potential application for the management of black pepper nematodes. Serratia marcescens TUN02 was found as the most active PG-producing strain. Various small-scale experiments conducted in flasks indicated that GNC at 1% may be used as the sole carbon/nitrogen source for cost-effective PG production by fermentation. Notably, no further commercial ingredients and salts are required to supplement into the culture medium of this fermentation. PG was further investigated for scale-up production in a 14-L bioreactor system and PG was produced at high yield (6886 mg/L) with large-scale volume (4 L) in a short cultivation time (10 h). PG was then purified and its nematicidal activity was evaluated and showed effective inhibition of juveniles and egg hatching of Meloidogyne incognita species, harmful on black pepper, with low IC50 values of 0.2 and 0.32 mg/mL, respectively. The simple medium containing 1% GNC is the first report of cost-effective biosynthesis of PG, as well as potential in vitro anti-egg hatching activity of PG. These results indicated the potential application of GNC for low-cost bioproduction of PG for promising and novel use in the management of black pepper nematodes.

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