An imaging CdZnTe detector with coplanar orthogonal anode strips

1997 ◽  
Vol 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hamel ◽  
O. Tousignant ◽  
M. Couillard ◽  
J. F. Courville ◽  
V. T. Jordanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Charge Sensing ◽  
Single Carrier ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Strip Detectors ◽  
Imaging Detector ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Orthogonal Dimension ◽  
Electronic Channels

AbstractA novel electrode configuration for CZT imaging devices is presented. It is made of focusing, non-collecting anode strips, in one dimension, and collecting anode pixels, interconnected in rows, in the orthogonal dimension. The simulation of such an imaging detector is presented. First, field lines in the detector are computed that show that electrons generated in γ-ray events are collected on the pixels. Charge signals, induced on the pixel and on the strip by drifting electrons, are calculated for several points of interaction inside the detector unit cell. These show that this new detector should retain the spectroscopic and detection efficiency advantages of single carrier (electrons) charge sensing devices such as pixel detectors or spectrometers with controlling electrodes. Furthermore, it retains the main advantage of conventional strip detectors, i.e. an N x N array of imaging pixels realized with only 2N electronic channels. An additional potential advantage is the measurement of the third coordinate, i.e. the depth of interaction in the detector.

scholarly journals Beam test results of silicon sensor module prototypes for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. C12033
Author(s):  
R. Koppenhöfer ◽  
T. Barvich ◽  
J. Braach ◽  
A. Dierlamm ◽  
U. Husemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Particle Detection ◽  
Interaction Point ◽  
Test Beam ◽  
Cms Experiment ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Silicon Sensors ◽  
Strip Detectors ◽  
Tracking Detector ◽  
Sensor Module

Abstract The start of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in 2027 requires upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. In the scope of the upgrade program the complete silicon tracking detector will be replaced. The new CMS Tracker will be equipped with silicon pixel detectors in the inner layers closest to the interaction point and silicon strip detectors in the outer layers. The new CMS Outer Tracker will consist of two different kinds of detector modules called PS and 2S modules. Each module will be made of two parallel silicon sensors (a macro-pixel sensor and a strip sensor for the PS modules and two strip sensors for the 2S modules). Combining the hit information of both sensor layers, it is possible to estimate the transverse momentum of particles in the magnetic field of 3.8 T at the full bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz directly on the module. This information will be used as an input for the first trigger stage of CMS. It is necessary to validate the Outer Tracker module functionality before installing the modules in the CMS experiment. Besides laboratory-based tests several 2S module prototypes have been studied at test beam facilities at CERN, DESY and FNAL. This article concentrates on the beam tests at DESY during which the functionality of the module concept was investigated using the full final readout chain for the first time. Additionally the performance of a 2S module assembled with irradiated sensors was studied. By choosing an irradiation fluence expected for 2S modules at the end of HL-LHC operation, it was possible to investigate the particle detection efficiency and study the trigger capabilities of the module at the beginning and end of the runtime of the CMS experiment.

Single source-based energy and efficiency calibration method for the assessment of an alpha imaging detector

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. C12017
Author(s):  
G. Kim ◽  
I. Lim ◽  
B. Kim ◽  
K. Song ◽  
J.-G. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Efficiency Calibration ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Standard Source ◽  
Imaging Detector ◽  
Single Standard ◽  
The Individual

Abstract An alpha imaging detector acquires a two-dimensional distribution of a sample that emits alpha particles. For the quantitative analysis of the image of an alpha-emitting sample, the individual energies of the alpha particles must be identified, which can be achieved using the spectrometric method after detector calibration. In this study, an energy and efficiency calibration method was investigated to assess an alpha imaging detector. The calibration was performed using a single standard source of Am-241 based on the energy loss characteristic of an alpha particle. The feasibility of the calibration method was evaluated using another source, Ac-225. The calibrated alpha imaging detector was evaluated in terms of energy resolution and detection efficiency, and the alpha imaging detector was found to be efficiently calibrated using a single standard source. The calibrated alpha imaging detector appears promising for the quantitative analysis of samples that emit alpha particles.

scholarly journals Scintillator Pixel Detectors for Measurement of Compton Scattering

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihael Makek ◽  
Damir Bosnar ◽  
Luka Pavelić
Keyword(s):  
Compton Scattering ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Coincidence Mode ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Electronic Channels ◽  
Coincidence Time

The Compton scattering of gamma rays is commonly detected using two detector layers, the first for detection of the recoil electron and the second for the scattered gamma. We have assembled detector modules consisting of scintillation pixels, which are able to detect and reconstruct the Compton scattering of gammas with only one readout layer. This substantially reduces the number of electronic channels and opens the possibility to construct cost-efficient Compton scattering detectors for various applications such as medical imaging, environment monitoring, or fundamental research. A module consists of a 4 × 4 matrix of lutetium fine silicate scintillators and is read out by a matching silicon photomultiplier array. Two modules have been tested with a 22 Na source in coincidence mode, and the performance in the detection of 511 keV gamma Compton scattering has been evaluated. The results show that Compton events can be clearly distinguished with a mean energy resolution of 12.2% ± 0.7% in a module and a coincidence time resolution of 0 . 56 ± 0 . 02 ns between the two modules.

Ultra Low Noise Epitaxial 4H-SiC X-Ray Detectors

2009 ◽  
Vol 615-617 ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertuccio ◽  
S. Caccia ◽  
Filippo Nava ◽  
Gaetano Foti ◽  
Donatella Puglisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Reverse Current ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Active Volume ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Schottky Junctions ◽  
Sic Wafer

The design and the experimental results of some prototypes of SiC X-ray detectors are presented. The devices have been manufactured on a 2’’ 4H-SiC wafer with 115 m thick undoped high purity epitaxial layer, which constitutes the detection’s active volume. Pad and pixel detectors based on Ni-Schottky junctions have been tested. The residual doping of the epi-layer was found to be extremely low, 3.7 x 1013 cm-3, allowing to achieve the highest detection efficiency and the lower specific capacitance of the detectors. At +22°C and in operating bias condition, the reverse current densities of the detector’s Schottky junctions have been measured to be between J=0.3 pA/cm2 and J=4 pA/cm2; these values are more than two orders of magnitude lower than those of state of the art silicon detectors. With such low leakage currents, the equivalent electronic noise of SiC pixel detectors is as low as 0.5 electrons r.m.s at room temperature, which represents a new state of the art in the scenario of semiconductor radiation detectors.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional imaging and detection efficiency performance of orthogonal coplanar CZT strip detectors

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. McConnell ◽  
John R. Macri ◽  
James M. Ryan ◽  
Kipp Larson ◽  
Louis-Andre Hamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Strip Detectors ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Coplanar Czt

scholarly journals RIPTIDE: a novel recoil-proton track imaging detector for fast neutrons

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. C12013
Author(s):  
A. Musumarra ◽  
F. Leone ◽  
C. Massimi ◽  
M.G. Pellegriti ◽  
F. Romano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Recoil Proton ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Neutron Spectrometry ◽  
Neutron Detectors ◽  
Imaging Detector ◽  
Proton Track

Abstract Neutron detectors are an essential tool for the development of many research fields, as nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics as well as radiotherapy and radiation safety. Since neutrons cannot directly ionize, their detection is only possible via nuclear reactions. Consequently, neutron-based experimental techniques are related to the detection of charged particle or electromagnetic radiation originating from neutron-induced reactions. The study of fast neutrons is often based on the neutron-proton elastic scattering reaction. In this case, the ionization induced by the recoil protons in a hydrogenous material constitutes the basic information for the design and development of neutron detectors. Although experimental techniques have continuously improved and refined, so far, proton-recoil track imaging is still weak in laboratory rate environments because of the extremely small detection efficiency. To address this deficiency, we propose a novel recoil-proton track imaging system in which the light deriving from a fast scintillation signal is used to perform a complete reconstruction in space and time of the event. In particular, we report the idea of RIPTIDE (RecoIl Proton Track Imaging DEtector): an innovative system which combines a plastic scintillator coupled to imaging devices, based on CMOS technology, or micro channel plate sensors. The proposed apparatus aims at providing neutron spectrometry capability by stereoscopically imaging the recoil-protons tracks, correlating the spatial information with the time information. RIPTIDE intrinsically enable the online analysis of the ionization track, thus retrieving the neutron direction and energy, without spoiling the overall efficiency of the detection system. Finally, the spatial and topological event reconstruction enables particle discrimination — a crucial requirement for neutron detection — by deducing the specific energy loss along the track.

scholarly journals Processing and Interconnections of Finely Segmented Semiconductor Pixel Detectors for Applications in Particle Physics and Photon Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Härkönen ◽  
J. Ott ◽  
A. Gädda ◽  
M. Bezak ◽  
E. Brücken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Semiconductor Detectors ◽  
Pixel Detector ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Imaging Detector ◽  
Radiation Induced

Radiation hardness is in the focus of the development of particle tracking and photon imaging detector installations. Semiconductor detectors, widely used in particle physics experiments, have turned into capacitive-coupled (AC-coupled) detectors from the originally developed conductively coupled (DC-coupled) detectors. This is due to the superior isolation of radiation-induced leakage current in AC-coupled detectors. However, some modern detector systems, such as the tracking detectors in the CERN LHC CMS or ATLAS experiments, are still DC-coupled. This originates from the difficulty of implementing AC coupling on very small pixel detector areas. In this report, we describe our advances in the detector processing technology. The first topic is the applications of the atomic layer deposition processing technology, which enables the very high densities of capacitance and resistance that are needed when the dimensions of the physical segmentation of pixel detectors need to be scaled down. The second topic is the flip-chip/bump-bonding interconnection technology, which is necessary in order to manufacture pixel detector modules on a large scale with a more than 99% yield of noise-free and faultless pixels and detector channels.

Detection efficiency study of an imaging detector for low-energy neutrons

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Brauning-Demian ◽  
W. De Odorico ◽  
Horst W. Schmidt-Boecking ◽  
V. Dangendorf ◽  
H. Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Imaging Detector

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

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