Deposition of TiN/NbN Superlattice Hard Coatings by Ionised Magnetron Sputter Deposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Long ◽  
Robert J. Stearn ◽  
Zoe H. Barber ◽  
Stephen J. Lloyd ◽  
William J. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Radio Frequency Coil ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Magnetron Sputter Deposition ◽  
Magnetron Sputter ◽  
Low Energy Ions

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of ion bombardment on the structure and hardness of thin coatings of TiN/NbN multilayered structures and monolithic films of both TiN and NbN. A radio frequency coil was used to generate an additional inductively coupled plasma between the substrate and the target enabling the sample to be bombarded by a high flux of relatively low energy ions under the appropriate conditions. It is shown that the effect of such bombardment in the case of the monolithic films is to reduce the porosity. This gave an increase in the hardness of both the TiN and the NbN films up to a power of 100 W (using a coil with a cross-sectional area of 2 × 103 mm2). Further increasing the power density led to a decrease in hardness. TiN/NbN multilayer coatings were made under the optimum deposition conditions for the monolithic materials and gave hardnesses greater than those observed in either TiN or NbN and approximately 50% greater than that predicted by a mixtures rule.

Estimation of Trace Elements in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum-Comparative Study in Healthy and Periodontitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagavathami Meenaksh ◽  
Chitraa R. Chandran ◽  
Aravindhan Thathchari Ranganathan ◽  
Kavindapadi Venkateswaran Rama ◽  
Valarmathy Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Copper Zinc

Background: This study aims to determine and compare the levels of trace elements copper, zinc, selenium and chromium in GCF and serum of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Methods: This cross sectional study includes 24 study subjects recruited from the patients reporting to the Department of Periodontics , Tagore Dental College Chennai. All the selected patients were subjected to a clinical examination done by a single examiner. The estimation of trace elements Copper, Zinc, Selenium and Chromium in GCF and serum is performed using Perkin Elmer optima 5300 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES). Results: GCF and serum copper levels showed no significant difference in both periodontitis and healthy groups . Selenium levels tend to be the same in both groups. Serum zinc levels are more in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects (p less than 0.01). GCF chromium levels are found to be more in patients with periodontitis than healthy. Conclusions : More research is therefore needed to monitor the role of these trace elements C with an increased sample size to ascertain whether they are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis.

Low Inductance Antenna (LIA) plasma source and plasma-enhanced dual rotatable magnetron sputter assisted with LIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 000757-000760
Author(s):  
Y. Takaya ◽  
Y. Tanioka ◽  
H. Yoshino ◽  
A. Osawa
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Polymer Surface ◽  
Plasma Source ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Plasma Damage ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Temperature Deposition ◽  
Magnetron Sputter ◽  
Plasma Profile

In recent years, both low plasma damage and low temperature deposition technic for polymer substrates (e.g. PCB, films and etc.) are often required. We have developed a plasma enhanced dual rotatable magnetron sputter source assisted with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) using low inductance antenna (LIA). LIA has same unique characteristics, a)low voltage high density plasma, b)well controllability of plasma profile to ensure uniformity over large area, c)ionization of sputtered particle and etc. when in being used as a plasma assistant, and besides, LIA can be used as a ICP source for polymer surface modification. We introduce a variety of the possibilities of whether this sputter source is usable for the process of the fabrication of PCB.

scholarly journals Electrical Characterization of Germanium Nanowires Using a Symmetric Hall Bar Configuration: Size and Shape Dependence

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Ahmad Echresh ◽  
Himani Arora ◽  
Florian Fuchs ◽  
Zichao Li ◽  
René Hübner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Concentration ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Effective Cross Section ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Depletion Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Germanium Nanowires ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Shape Dependence ◽  
Sectional Shape

The fabrication of individual nanowire-based devices and their comprehensive electrical characterization remains a major challenge. Here, we present a symmetric Hall bar configuration for highly p-type germanium nanowires (GeNWs), fabricated by a top-down approach using electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. The configuration allows two equivalent measurement sets to check the homogeneity of GeNWs in terms of resistivity and the Hall coefficient. The highest Hall mobility and carrier concentration of GeNWs at 5 K were in the order of 100 cm2/(Vs) and 4×1019cm−3, respectively. With a decreasing nanowire width, the resistivity increases and the carrier concentration decreases, which is attributed to carrier scattering in the region near the surface. By comparing the measured data with simulations, one can conclude the existence of a depletion region, which decreases the effective cross-section of GeNWs. Moreover, the resistivity of thin GeNWs is strongly influenced by the cross-sectional shape.

Deposition, Microstructure and Nanoindentation of Multilayer Zr Nitride and Carbonitride Nanostructured Coatings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Ul-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wear And Corrosion ◽  
Magnetron Sputter Deposition ◽  
Nanoindentation Hardness ◽  
Wear And Corrosion Resistance

Abstract Nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides of transition metal elements like Zr, W, Ti, etc. are generally employed to produce hard coatings. Zirconium-based hard coatings have shown useful applications in the areas of tribology, biomedicine and electrical due to their high thermal stability, hardness, biocompatibility, good erosion, wear, and corrosion resistance. In this study, we created homogeneous and tenacious nanostructured hard coatings based on Zr with good mechanical properties. The magnetron sputter deposition technique was utilized to coat stainless steel 316L substrates with multilayers of Zr/ZrN and ZrN/ZrCN with individual layer thicknesses of 250 and 500 nm for each coating composition. The deposition conditions were adjusted to create two different coating thicknesses of 2 and 3 µm. The thickness of the coating was confirmed using Calotest and the coatings’ morphology and elemental composition were determined utilizing the atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Coating thickness and adhesion were measured using cross-sectional samples and XRD was utilized to analyze the coatings structure. Nanoindenter was employed to determine the instrumental nanoindentation hardness and elastic modulus. The influence of coating thickness on tribological behavior was further investigated using the ratio of nanohardness-to-elastic modulus (H/E). No evidence of decohesion was observed at the substrate/coatings interface, and the grains of all the coatings were observed to show columnar growth which were homogeneous, compact and dense. The grains of the ZrN/ZrCN coatings were observed to be denser, finer and more compact compared to those of the Zr/ZrN coatings. Correspondingly, higher hardness, modulus and H/E values were exhibited by ZrN/ZrCN than Zr/ZrN coatings. This suggests that the ZrN/ZrCN coatings are capable of exhibiting better wear resistance and fracture toughness. The coatings developed in this investigation are anticipated to be suitable for applications in tribology due to their excellent hardness and H/E properties.

scholarly journals Deposition and Characterization of Hard Coatings in the Material System V-Al-N by Reactive Magnetron Sputter Deposition

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (S1) ◽  
pp. S146-S151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilárd Kolozsvári ◽  
Peter Pesch ◽  
Carlos Ziebert ◽  
Michael Stueber ◽  
Sven Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Material System ◽  
Reactive Magnetron ◽  
Magnetron Sputter Deposition ◽  
Magnetron Sputter

scholarly journals Assessing the suitability of 8-OHdG and micronuclei as genotoxic biomarkers in chromate-exposed workers: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. e005979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yongen Gu ◽  
Shanfa Yu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Jinglin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Positive Correlations

ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate suitable conditions of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and micronucleus (MN) as genotoxic biomarkers at different levels of occupational chromate exposure.DesignA cross-sectional study was used.Participants84 workers who were exposed to chromate for at least 1 year were chosen as the chromate exposed group, while 30 non-exposed individuals were used as controls.Main outcome measuresEnvironmental and biological exposure to chromate was respectively assessed by measuring the concentration of chromate in the air (CrA) and blood (CrB) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in all participants. MN indicators, including micronucleus cell count (MNCC), micro-nucleus count (MNC), nuclear bridge (NPB) and nuclear bud (NBUD) were calculated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN), while the urinary 8-OHdG was measured by the ELISA method and normalised by the concentration of Cre.ResultsCompared with the control group, the levels of CrA, CrB, MNCC, MNC and 8-OHdG in the chromate-exposed group were all significantly higher (p<0.05). There were positive correlations between log(8-OHdG) and LnMNCC or LnMNC (r=0.377 and 0.362). The levels of LnMNCC, LnMNC and log (8-OHdG) all have parabola correlations with the concentration of CrB. However, there was a significantly positive correlation between log (8-OHdG) and CrB when the CrB level was below 10.50 µg/L (r=0.355), while a positive correlation was also found between LnMNCC or LnMNC and CrB when the CrB level was lower than 9.10 µg/L (r=0.365 and 0.269, respectively).ConclusionsMN and 8-OHdG can be used as genotoxic biomarkers in the chromate-exposed group, but it is only when CrB levels are lower than 9.10 and 10.50 µg/L, respectively, that they can accurately reflect the degree of genetic damage.

scholarly journals Determination of lead concentration in breast milk and blood of lactanting women in an interior city of Brasil

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 095-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Túlio Soares Andrade ◽  
Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo ◽  
Ieda Regina Lopes Del Ciampo ◽  
Ivan Savioli Ferraz ◽  
Rubens Garcia Ricco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Background: breast milk offers numerous advantages biological and emotional. However, in some situations, can transfer harmful elements for the health of infants. Objective: to determine lead levels in the blood and milk of mothers whose children frequent a primary mother-child health care. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study of 70 healthy women who were breast-feeding babies younger than six months during 01/04/2011 to 30/09/2011. Lead determination was performed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. A linear regression model was adjusted to determine the association between lead concentrations in maternal milk and blood. The estimated values of the difference between means and their 95% confidence intervals were obtained. Results: mean lead concentration in milk was 1.462 ng/mL and blood lead concentration was 1.801 μg/dL. Conclusions: human milk is not a source of contamination for the babies in this area. However, more studies are needed in other regions of the country in view of the growing evidence of foci of lead contamination, which may represent an occult risk for the population.

scholarly journals Human Blood Lead Levels and the First Evidence of Environmental Exposure to Industrial Pollutants in the Amazon

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Karolina Lisboa de Queiroz ◽  
Karytta Sousa Naka ◽  
Lorena de Cássia dos Santos Mendes ◽  
Brenda Natasha Souza Costa ◽  
Iracina Maura de Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Food And Beverage

The main routes of lead (Pb) absorption are through the airways and orally, and through consumption of contaminated food and beverage, with Pb mainly being absorbed in the atmospheric particulate form. In 2012, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the Pb environmental exposure in two Amazonian districts, Dom Manuel (DMN) and Laranjal (CLA), located in Barcarena City, northern Brazil. CLA is located outside the industrial area of Barcarena (control population), whereas DMN is an old community located in the vicinity of industrial activities. A significant number of residents in these districts participated in an epidemiological inquiry and blood sampling. Total Pb blood levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean Pb blood level in people that live in DMN was 281.60 (98.73–570.80) μg·L−1, approximately nine times higher than the level found in CLA (32.77 μg·L−1). In these districts, the Pb blood levels showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) based on gender, schooling, residence time, and smoking. This is the first evidence of industrial environmental pollutant exposure in the Amazon.

scholarly journals Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Prokopowicz ◽  
Andrzej Sobczak ◽  
Jerzy Szdzuj ◽  
Katarzyna Grygoyć ◽  
Leon Kośmider
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Usage Patterns

Background: E-cigarettes (ECs) seem to be a less harmful alternative for conventional cigarettes, however, very little is still known about the exposure to some elements, which are the components of this device and may contaminate the nicotine liquid. The aim of this study is to assess whether e-cigarette users are more exposed to 12 elements detected in aerosol than non-smokers and conventional cigarette smokers, using their concentrations in urine as exposure biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional, group-based survey was carried out using 90 volunteers classified into groups of non-smokers, EC-only users, dual EC users-cigarette smokers and cigarette-only smokers. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Cr, Ni, Co, Ag, In, Mn, Ba, Sr, V, Sb, Cd and Pb levels were measured in spot urine samples. Among the selected groups, a comparison was made using the analysis of covariance and correlations with EC usage pattern were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results: Element concentrations in urine of EC-users were not significantly different from the levels found in non-smokers and smokers. Only in the case of Ba, Ni and Sb was a significant correlation found in relation to some e-cigarette usage patterns. Conclusion: Transfer of the investigated elements to the EC aerosol was not found to be a substantial source of exposure in EC users who quitted smoking.

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