scholarly journals Electrical Characterization of Germanium Nanowires Using a Symmetric Hall Bar Configuration: Size and Shape Dependence

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Ahmad Echresh ◽  
Himani Arora ◽  
Florian Fuchs ◽  
Zichao Li ◽  
René Hübner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Concentration ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Effective Cross Section ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Depletion Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Germanium Nanowires ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Shape Dependence ◽  
Sectional Shape

The fabrication of individual nanowire-based devices and their comprehensive electrical characterization remains a major challenge. Here, we present a symmetric Hall bar configuration for highly p-type germanium nanowires (GeNWs), fabricated by a top-down approach using electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. The configuration allows two equivalent measurement sets to check the homogeneity of GeNWs in terms of resistivity and the Hall coefficient. The highest Hall mobility and carrier concentration of GeNWs at 5 K were in the order of 100 cm2/(Vs) and 4×1019cm−3, respectively. With a decreasing nanowire width, the resistivity increases and the carrier concentration decreases, which is attributed to carrier scattering in the region near the surface. By comparing the measured data with simulations, one can conclude the existence of a depletion region, which decreases the effective cross-section of GeNWs. Moreover, the resistivity of thin GeNWs is strongly influenced by the cross-sectional shape.

Estimation of Trace Elements in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum-Comparative Study in Healthy and Periodontitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagavathami Meenaksh ◽  
Chitraa R. Chandran ◽  
Aravindhan Thathchari Ranganathan ◽  
Kavindapadi Venkateswaran Rama ◽  
Valarmathy Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Copper Zinc

Background: This study aims to determine and compare the levels of trace elements copper, zinc, selenium and chromium in GCF and serum of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Methods: This cross sectional study includes 24 study subjects recruited from the patients reporting to the Department of Periodontics , Tagore Dental College Chennai. All the selected patients were subjected to a clinical examination done by a single examiner. The estimation of trace elements Copper, Zinc, Selenium and Chromium in GCF and serum is performed using Perkin Elmer optima 5300 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES). Results: GCF and serum copper levels showed no significant difference in both periodontitis and healthy groups . Selenium levels tend to be the same in both groups. Serum zinc levels are more in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects (p less than 0.01). GCF chromium levels are found to be more in patients with periodontitis than healthy. Conclusions : More research is therefore needed to monitor the role of these trace elements C with an increased sample size to ascertain whether they are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis.

Elemental Analysis and Current-Voltage Characteristics of LiZnP and LiZnAs Samples for Solid-State Neutron Detectors

2013 ◽  
Vol 1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Montag ◽  
Michael A. Reichenberger ◽  
Kevin R. Arpin ◽  
Kyle A. Nelson ◽  
Philip B. Ugorowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Bulk Single Crystal ◽  
Neutron Detectors ◽  
Background Radiations ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Silver Epoxy

ABSTRACTResearch for a reliable solid-form semiconductor neutron detector continues because such a device would have greater efficiency, in a compact form, than present day gas-filled 3He and 10BF3 detectors. The 6Li(n,t)4He reaction yields a total Q value of 4.78 MeV, larger than 10B, and easily identified above background radiations. Hence, devices composed of either natural Li (nominally 7.5% 6Li) or enriched 6Li (usually 95% 6Li) may provide a semiconductor material for compact high efficiency neutron detectors. A sub-branch of the III-V semiconductors, the filled tetrahedral compounds, AIBIICV, known as Nowotny-Juza compounds, are known for their desirable cubic crystal structure, and were originally studied for photonic applications. Equimolar portions of Li, Zn, and P or As were sealed under vacuum (10-6 Torr) in quartz ampoules with a graphite lining, loaded into a compounding furnace, and heated to 560 °C to form the ternary compound, LiZnP or LiZnAs, and further annealed to promote crystallization. The chemical composition of the synthesized starting material was confirmed at Galbraith Laboratories, Inc. by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), which showed the compounds were reacted in equal ratios, 1-1-1, to form ternary compounds. Bulk single crystal samples were grown by a high temperature technique described elsewhere. Samples were cut, polished, and prepared for electrical characterization by depositing a Ti/Au contact onto one side of the one of the samples and using silver epoxy to form the other contact. Current-voltage curves were collected for a sample with silver epoxy for both anode and cathode contact, and for a sample with a Ti-Au anode contact and silver epoxy cathode contact. A much higher resistivity was calculated, 6.6 x 1010 Ω·cm, for the sample with a Ti-Au contact compared the high conductivity seen with the sample using silver epoxy contacts.

Cross Sectional Shape Dependence of Quantum Wire Band Structures and Optical Matrix Elements

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (Part 2, No. 11A) ◽  
pp. L1592-L1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuji Tanaka ◽  
Tadaaki Yamauchi ◽  
Joel N. Schulman ◽  
Yasuhiko Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wire ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Band Structures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shape Dependence ◽  
Sectional Shape

scholarly journals Assessing the suitability of 8-OHdG and micronuclei as genotoxic biomarkers in chromate-exposed workers: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. e005979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yongen Gu ◽  
Shanfa Yu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Jinglin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Positive Correlations

ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate suitable conditions of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and micronucleus (MN) as genotoxic biomarkers at different levels of occupational chromate exposure.DesignA cross-sectional study was used.Participants84 workers who were exposed to chromate for at least 1 year were chosen as the chromate exposed group, while 30 non-exposed individuals were used as controls.Main outcome measuresEnvironmental and biological exposure to chromate was respectively assessed by measuring the concentration of chromate in the air (CrA) and blood (CrB) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in all participants. MN indicators, including micronucleus cell count (MNCC), micro-nucleus count (MNC), nuclear bridge (NPB) and nuclear bud (NBUD) were calculated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN), while the urinary 8-OHdG was measured by the ELISA method and normalised by the concentration of Cre.ResultsCompared with the control group, the levels of CrA, CrB, MNCC, MNC and 8-OHdG in the chromate-exposed group were all significantly higher (p<0.05). There were positive correlations between log(8-OHdG) and LnMNCC or LnMNC (r=0.377 and 0.362). The levels of LnMNCC, LnMNC and log (8-OHdG) all have parabola correlations with the concentration of CrB. However, there was a significantly positive correlation between log (8-OHdG) and CrB when the CrB level was below 10.50 µg/L (r=0.355), while a positive correlation was also found between LnMNCC or LnMNC and CrB when the CrB level was lower than 9.10 µg/L (r=0.365 and 0.269, respectively).ConclusionsMN and 8-OHdG can be used as genotoxic biomarkers in the chromate-exposed group, but it is only when CrB levels are lower than 9.10 and 10.50 µg/L, respectively, that they can accurately reflect the degree of genetic damage.

scholarly journals Determination of lead concentration in breast milk and blood of lactanting women in an interior city of Brasil

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 095-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Túlio Soares Andrade ◽  
Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo ◽  
Ieda Regina Lopes Del Ciampo ◽  
Ivan Savioli Ferraz ◽  
Rubens Garcia Ricco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Background: breast milk offers numerous advantages biological and emotional. However, in some situations, can transfer harmful elements for the health of infants. Objective: to determine lead levels in the blood and milk of mothers whose children frequent a primary mother-child health care. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study of 70 healthy women who were breast-feeding babies younger than six months during 01/04/2011 to 30/09/2011. Lead determination was performed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. A linear regression model was adjusted to determine the association between lead concentrations in maternal milk and blood. The estimated values of the difference between means and their 95% confidence intervals were obtained. Results: mean lead concentration in milk was 1.462 ng/mL and blood lead concentration was 1.801 μg/dL. Conclusions: human milk is not a source of contamination for the babies in this area. However, more studies are needed in other regions of the country in view of the growing evidence of foci of lead contamination, which may represent an occult risk for the population.

scholarly journals Human Blood Lead Levels and the First Evidence of Environmental Exposure to Industrial Pollutants in the Amazon

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Karolina Lisboa de Queiroz ◽  
Karytta Sousa Naka ◽  
Lorena de Cássia dos Santos Mendes ◽  
Brenda Natasha Souza Costa ◽  
Iracina Maura de Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Food And Beverage

The main routes of lead (Pb) absorption are through the airways and orally, and through consumption of contaminated food and beverage, with Pb mainly being absorbed in the atmospheric particulate form. In 2012, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the Pb environmental exposure in two Amazonian districts, Dom Manuel (DMN) and Laranjal (CLA), located in Barcarena City, northern Brazil. CLA is located outside the industrial area of Barcarena (control population), whereas DMN is an old community located in the vicinity of industrial activities. A significant number of residents in these districts participated in an epidemiological inquiry and blood sampling. Total Pb blood levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean Pb blood level in people that live in DMN was 281.60 (98.73–570.80) μg·L−1, approximately nine times higher than the level found in CLA (32.77 μg·L−1). In these districts, the Pb blood levels showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) based on gender, schooling, residence time, and smoking. This is the first evidence of industrial environmental pollutant exposure in the Amazon.

Deposition of TiN/NbN Superlattice Hard Coatings by Ionised Magnetron Sputter Deposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Long ◽  
Robert J. Stearn ◽  
Zoe H. Barber ◽  
Stephen J. Lloyd ◽  
William J. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Radio Frequency Coil ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Magnetron Sputter Deposition ◽  
Magnetron Sputter ◽  
Low Energy Ions

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of ion bombardment on the structure and hardness of thin coatings of TiN/NbN multilayered structures and monolithic films of both TiN and NbN. A radio frequency coil was used to generate an additional inductively coupled plasma between the substrate and the target enabling the sample to be bombarded by a high flux of relatively low energy ions under the appropriate conditions. It is shown that the effect of such bombardment in the case of the monolithic films is to reduce the porosity. This gave an increase in the hardness of both the TiN and the NbN films up to a power of 100 W (using a coil with a cross-sectional area of 2 × 103 mm2). Further increasing the power density led to a decrease in hardness. TiN/NbN multilayer coatings were made under the optimum deposition conditions for the monolithic materials and gave hardnesses greater than those observed in either TiN or NbN and approximately 50% greater than that predicted by a mixtures rule.

scholarly journals Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Prokopowicz ◽  
Andrzej Sobczak ◽  
Jerzy Szdzuj ◽  
Katarzyna Grygoyć ◽  
Leon Kośmider
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Usage Patterns

Background: E-cigarettes (ECs) seem to be a less harmful alternative for conventional cigarettes, however, very little is still known about the exposure to some elements, which are the components of this device and may contaminate the nicotine liquid. The aim of this study is to assess whether e-cigarette users are more exposed to 12 elements detected in aerosol than non-smokers and conventional cigarette smokers, using their concentrations in urine as exposure biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional, group-based survey was carried out using 90 volunteers classified into groups of non-smokers, EC-only users, dual EC users-cigarette smokers and cigarette-only smokers. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Cr, Ni, Co, Ag, In, Mn, Ba, Sr, V, Sb, Cd and Pb levels were measured in spot urine samples. Among the selected groups, a comparison was made using the analysis of covariance and correlations with EC usage pattern were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results: Element concentrations in urine of EC-users were not significantly different from the levels found in non-smokers and smokers. Only in the case of Ba, Ni and Sb was a significant correlation found in relation to some e-cigarette usage patterns. Conclusion: Transfer of the investigated elements to the EC aerosol was not found to be a substantial source of exposure in EC users who quitted smoking.

scholarly journals ICP-Mass-Spectrometry Ionic Profile of Whole Saliva in Patients with Untreated and Treated Periodontitis

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Federica Romano ◽  
Alexandra Castiblanco ◽  
Francesca Spadotto ◽  
Federica Di Scipio ◽  
Mery Malandrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Icp Mass Spectrometry

Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the association between macro and trace minerals in body fluids and systemic diseases related to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Due to the paucity of data in the literature on periodontitis, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the relationship between mineral elements in saliva and periodontal status in patients with untreated and treated periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy controls. Salivary samples from 66 nonsmoker healthy patients (20 periodontally healthy, 24 untreated severe periodontitis and 22 treated severe periodontitis) were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant increases in copper (Cu), sodium (Na), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations occurred in saliva of severe periodontitis subjects compared to periodontally healthy controls. No differences were detected between healthy controls and treated periodontitis patients apart from levels of zinc (Zn) and lithium (Li) that were found to be increased and reduced, respectively, in periodontitis group. Most subjects were correctly separated by cluster analysis into active periodontitis and periodontally healthy individuals. Treated periodontitis individuals were classified as healthy subjects. Based on these preliminary results, the assessment of salivary concentration of mineral elements might be useful in discriminating periodontal health and disease.

Incubation Layer-Free Nanocrystalline-Si Thin Film Fabricated by ICP-CVD at 150°C for Flexible Electronics

2006 ◽  
Vol 910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Myeon Han ◽  
Young-Kwan Cha ◽  
Joong-Hyun Park ◽  
Sang-Geun Park ◽  
YoungSoo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Si Films

AbstractThe nc-Si films where the troublesome incubation layer was almost eliminated were deposited by inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) under various dilution conditions. The nc-Si films were analyzed with cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. It was verified that the Si crystalline components formed and grew from the surface of buffer layer. The grain size of 20~50nm was measured. The absence of incubation layer in nc-Si film may be attributed mainly to ICP-CVD which generates remote plasma of high density, the role of hydrogen, and the dilution effect on the growth of crystalline. Our experimental results show that incubation-free nc-Si film deposited by ICP-CVD may be suitable for the active layer of bottom gate nc-Si TFTs as well as top gate nc-Si TFTs.

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