Sufism, Sects and Intra-Muslim Conflicts in Nigeria, 1804-1979.

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Salisu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Relationship

Muslims in Nigeria have for several decades been faced with the problem of intra-religious conflict which eventually led to incessant hostility and disaffection among the followers of the same faith(S.P.I.Agi,1998.p.57) The conflicts have punctuated Nigerian affairs before and after independence. The problem has led to degeneration of the mutual relationships shared between followers of the same faith, albeit with different sectarian beliefs. Government, at federal, state and local level, has created measures to try to bring about a lasting solution to this problem. Despite this effort, the input of academia in this area has been less concerted, not going beyond presentations in workshops, conferences and seminars. The task of embarking on an in-depth research on Sufism and its relationship with sectarian beliefs among the Muslim groups in Nigeria has not been given much attention. The aim of this paper therefore, is to examine critically the relationship between Sufi orders and other sects among the Muslim communities in Nigeria. The research will also look at major areas of discord among the Nigerian Muslim intellig

scholarly journals Japan’s Civil Registration Systems Before and After the Meiji Restoration

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Saito ◽  
Masahiro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Local Practice ◽  
Civil Registration ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Village Woman ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

This chapter traces the evolution of Japan's systems of household and land registration from c.1600 to the period of early Meiji reforms in the 1870s and 1880s, with due attention to the distinction between a system designed by the state and local forms of registration practice. In the section on the pre-Meiji period, one such local practice of having people ‘disowned’ and its consequence — registerlessness — is examined. The section on the Meiji reforms and the section that follows turn to the issue of continuity and discontinuity, and the question of whether any progress was made by those reforms. In order to illustrate the actual changes that took place at the local level, the chapter begins with an eighteenth-century story about a peasant woman and ends with a case of a family dispute that another village woman brought before the court some 120 years later.

Sodium menu labelling: priorities for research and policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eleanore Alexander ◽  
Lainie Rutkow ◽  
Kimberly A Gudzune ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Emma E McGinty
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legal Databases ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Objective: To understand the different Na menu labelling approaches that have been considered by state and local policymakers in the USA and to summarise the evidence on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Design: Proposed and enacted Na menu labelling laws at the state and local levels were reviewed using legal databases and an online search, and a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Setting: Local and state jurisdictions in the USA Participants: Not applicable. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, thirty-eight laws – eleven at the local level and twenty-seven at the state level – were proposed to require Na labelling of restaurant menu items. By 2020, eight laws were enacted requiring chain restaurants to label the Na content of menu items. Five studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Na menu labelling on Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers in the USA. The studies had mixed results: two studies showed a statistically significant association between Na menu labelling and reduced Na content of menu items; three showed no effects. Conclusion: Data suggest that Na menu labelling may reduce Na in restaurant menu items, but further rigorous research evaluating Na menu labelling effects on Na content of menu items, as well as on the Na content in menu items purchased by consumers, is needed.

The “Poli-Migra”

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (13) ◽  
pp. 1805-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Menjívar
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Immigrant Incorporation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sound Policy ◽  
State And Local

This article discusses what we know about immigration law in the lives of Latinos today and what we learn from this knowledge to possibly establish links beyond specific case studies. We know a great deal about the multilayered enforcement regime in place today—the federal, state, and local level laws and ordinances and the various enforcement strategies—which act all at once in highly articulated fashion to affect the lives of immigrants, their families, and communities. What we learn from this accumulated knowledge—the unevenness of enforcement across contexts, the heterogeneity of experiences among Latinos as not all are affected in the same way, and the short- and possible long-term effects—can be helpful for theorizing more broadly about immigrant incorporation and can also serve to formulate sound policy reform.

Filling the Void: Local Control of Oil Spill Prevention Efforts

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
Fred Felleman ◽  
Sally Ann Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Marine Environmental Protection ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Marine Environmental

ABSTRACT This paper examines the implementation of OPA 90 in the context of its mandates to determine if the roles undertaken by federal, state and local entities have been effective in furthering marine environmental protection on the local level and makes recommendations for increasing pollution prevention. The analysis reveals that the federal government—through the work of the Coast Guard—has not been successful in implementing the pollution prevention provisions of OPA. This has resulted in some states exercising their authority under OPA to address issues of local concern as regards shipping and potential oil spills. Where States have stepped in to fill the void; they are often faced with industry and federal government opposition or recalcitrance. OPA's PWS RCAC provides a model for cooperative relationships between government, industry and the public to address local concerns. We conclude that the RCAC model should be extended to other regions of high volume shipping activity and that the GAO should undertake an investigation of the Coast Guard's Marine Environmental Protection and Compliance Programs for the purpose of identifying the obstacles to timely and effective implementation of OPA, and for developing a strategy for overcoming those obstacles.

SOCIAL CHANGE, CRIMINALITY AND COVID-19: THE NIGERIAN CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Aristotle Jacob ◽  
◽  
Wakama Ateduobie ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Government

This study examine how covid-19 has induced social changes and criminality in Nigeria as a result of economic lockdown, restriction on inter-state movement, closure of international borders, restriction of religious worship, restrictions on all forms of marital rites, ban on all burial and funeral activities, suspension of all educational activities, and social interactions replaced by social distancing. Due to this alteration of the normal human life, and since survival is key, hence the issue of criminality. This paper examined cases of criminality in the country during lockdown, government interventions to mitigate the increase in criminality as a result of the pandemic, implication of covid-19 on fashion, determinant, forms and resistance to social change. The paper is qualitative in nature and relied principally on secondary data to achieved the scope of the study, these includes publications sourced from text books, bulletins, journals, government documents, newspapers and internet. The conflict and conspiracy theory of social change was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The findings in this study showed that the government with the aim to mitigate the spread of the pandemic in the country restricted the movement of its citizens with compulsory sit-at-home, thus affecting the normal life of its citizens, government intervention at the federal, state and local level is grossly inadequate to cushion the effect of the epidemic on the vulnerable citizens of the country, several structural factors helped triggered Nigeria’s current economic crises such as poor public health infrastructure, institutional corruption, weak and underdeveloped digital economy, lack of social welfare programme, leadership problem, over-dependent on oil sector of the economy, lack of saving culture and, high debt profile of Nigeria. The paper recommends that government should create an enabling environment to increase the standard of living of its citizens as poverty fuels criminality, the government should not politicalize the distribution of relief materials to victims in the face of emergencies, since the protection of the welfare and well-being of the people is the reason for governance, need for good governance and the rule of law, and government should improve capacity-building strategies for adequate security of life and property in Nigeria.

scholarly journals How Do California’s Local Governments Fund Surface Transportation? A Guide to Revenue Sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Weinstein Agrawal ◽  
Kevin Yong Lee ◽  
Serena Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Surface Transportation ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
Looking Back

California local agencies raise the revenue to support high-quality transportation services and infrastructure from a patchwork of federal, state, and local sources. To assist policymakers and transportation experts as they explore options for creating a more sustainable funding system, this report presents an overview of the taxes and fees that currently generate revenue ultimately dedicated to paying for transportation at the sub-state—or “local”—level. The discussion covers federal and state as well as local sources. The report also traces the evolving contribution from each level of government for expenditures on California’s local streets and roads and public transit, looking back two decades. The report concludes with a discussion of options for increasing local transportation revenue

scholarly journals Electing to Trust: An Exploration of the Relationship between Public Opinion and Localized Processes on Judicial Selection

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 51-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Peterson ◽  
Christopher Hare ◽  
J. Mark Wrighton
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Trial Courts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Relationship

Public trust in government depends largely on the belief that institutions are fair and respond to the will of the governed. We expand on past research on the relationship between public opinion and state courts by studying how selection methods for both state and local courts influence popular attitudes about the judicial branch. Employing individual-level survey data on the responsiveness and fairness of state supreme courts and local trial courts, we find that respondents in states using elections to choose judges for state courts believe the judicial system is fairer. Further, the use of non-partisan elections for local trial courts has a positive effect on public evaluations of judicial fairness. However, views on judicial responsiveness are unaffected by means of selection at either the state or local level. Thus, nonpartisan or even partisan judicial elections do not have a negative effect on our measures of trust; indeed, when elections do have an effect, it is a positive one.

scholarly journals The Health of Undocumented Latinx Immigrants: What We Know and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
India J. Ornelas ◽  
Thespina J. Yamanis ◽  
Raymond A. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Conducting Research

Undocumented Latinx immigrants experience unique factors prior to migration, during migration, and after migration that shape their health. Our review summarizes the limited but growing literature highlighting how exposure to trauma, immigration enforcement, changes to social networks, and discrimination negatively affect the mental and physical health of undocumented Latinx immigrants. We also discuss how policies and social ties can promote their health. We focus on areas of particular concern, including health care, mental health, and HIV. Future research should use interdisciplinary approaches and intersectional frameworks to understand and address health inequities. Conducting research with undocumented Latinx immigrant communities requires community engagement, assurance of confidentiality, and creative recruitment and retention strategies. Recommendations for public health practice include investing in community health centers and organizations to ensure access to health and social services; presenting results with sufficient contextualization to interpret their generalizability; and advocating for federal-, state-, and local-level policy changes that reduce the negative health consequences associated with being undocumented.

Long-Term Care Planning, Preparedness, and Response Among Rural Long-Term Care Providers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Tiffany A. Radcliff ◽  
Jennifer A. Horney ◽  
Aram Dobalian ◽  
Blanca O. Macareno ◽  
Umar Y. Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Term Care ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Communication And Coordination

Abstract Objective: Rural Long-term Care (LTC) providers face unique challenges when planning, preparing for, and responding to disasters. We sought to better understand challenges and identify best practices for LTC in rural areas. Methods: Case studies including key informant interviews and site visits were conducted with LTC staff and emergency planning, preparedness, and response partners in three rural communities. Themes were identified across sites using inductive coding. Results: Communication across disaster phases continues to be a challenge for LTC providers in rural communities for all disaster types. Communication challenges limit LTC providers’ ability to address patient needs during emergencies and limit the resilience of providers and patients to future disasters. Limited coordination among local leadership and LTC providers prevents dissemination of information, resources, and services, and slows response and recovery time. Including LTC providers as stakeholders in planning and exercises may improve communication and coordination. Conclusion: More than two decades into efforts to increase preparedness of health care systems to all hazards, rural LTC facilities still face challenges related to communication and coordination. Agencies at the federal, state, and local level should include input from rural LTC stakeholders to address gaps in communication and coordination and increase their disaster resilience.

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