Devising a conceptual method for generating cryptocompression codograms of images without loss of information quality

Along with the widespread use of digital images, an urgent scientific and applied issue arose regarding the need to reduce the volume of video information provided it is confidential and reliable. To resolve this issue, cryptocompression coding methods could be used. However, there is no method that summarizes all processing steps. This paper reports the development of a conceptual method for the cryptocompression coding of images on a differentiated basis without loss of information quality. It involves a three-stage technology for the generation of cryptocompression codograms. The first two cascades provide for the generation of code structures for information components while ensuring their confidentiality and key elements as a service component. On the third cascade of processing, it is proposed to manage the confidentiality of the service component. The code values for the information components of nondeterministic length are derived out on the basis of a non-deterministic number of elements of the source video data in a reduced dynamic range. The generation of service data is proposed to be organized in blocks of initial images with a dimension of 16×16 elements. The method ensures a decrease in the volume of source images during the generation of cryptocompression codograms, by 1.14–1.58 times (12–37 %), depending on the degree of their saturation. This is 12.7‒23.4 % better than TIFF technology and is 9.6‒17.9 % better than PNG technology. The volume of the service component of cryptocompression codograms is 1.563 % of the volume of the source video data or no more than 2.5 % of the total code stream. That reduces the amount of data for encryption by up to 40 times compared to TIFF and PNG technologies. The devised method does not introduce errors into the data in the coding process and refers to methods without loss of information quality.

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Development of the method for encoding service data in cryptocompression image representation systems

Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies ◽

10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (9(111)) ◽

pp. 103-115

Author(s):

Vladimir Barannik ◽

Serhii Sidchenko ◽

Natalia Barannik ◽

Valeriy Barannik

Keyword(s):

Information Quality ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Video Data ◽

Original Video ◽

Service Component ◽

Video Information ◽

Coding Systems ◽

Data Volume ◽

Information Components ◽

Service Data

The demand for image confidentiality is constantly growing. At the same time, ensuring the confidentiality of video information must be organized subject to ensuring its reliability with a given time delay in processing and transmission. Methods of cryptocompression representation of images can be used to solve this problem. They are designed to simultaneously provide compression and protection of video information. The service component is used as the key of the cryptocompression transformation. However, it has a significant volume. It is 25 % of the original video data volume. A method for coding systems of service components in a differentiated basis on the second cascade of cryptocompression representation of images has been developed. The method is based on the developed scheme of data linearization from three-dimensional coordinates of representation in a two-dimensional matrix into a one-dimensional coordinate for one-to-one representation of this element in a vector. Linearization is organized horizontally line by line. On the basis of the developed method, a non-deterministic number of code values of information components is formed. They have non-deterministic lengths and are formed on a non-deterministic number of elements. The uncertainty of positioning of cryptocompression codograms in the general code stream is provided, which virtually eliminates the possibility of their unauthorized decryption. The method provides a reduction in the volume of the service component of the cryptocompression codogram. The service data volume is 6.25 % of the original video data volume. The method provides an additional reduction in the volume of cryptocompression representation of images without loss of information quality relative to the original video data on average from 1.08 to 1.54 times, depending on the degree of their saturation

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Метод маскувального ущільнення службових даних в системах компресії відеозображень

RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS ◽

10.32620/reks.2021.2.05 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-63

Author(s):

Володимир Вікторович Бараннік ◽

Сергій Олександрович Сідченко ◽

Наталія Вячеславівна Бараннік ◽

Андрій Михайлович Хіменко

Keyword(s):

Video Compression ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Video Data ◽

The Other ◽

Service Component ◽

Redundant Data ◽

Other Hand ◽

Service Components ◽

Service Data

The demand for video privacy is constantly increasing. Simultaneously, it is necessary to solve an urgent scientific and applied problem, which consists in increasing the confidentiality of video information under conditions of a given time delay for its processing and delivery, while ensuring its reliability. The crypto compression transformations can be used to solve it. A service component is used as a conversion key, which is directly formed in the conversion process and contains information about the identified structural characteristics of the video data. Therefore, such information requires confidentiality. The existing methods of cryptography are designed to process a universal data stream and do not consider the structure and features of service components. It leads to the formation of redundant data, the use of an excessive number of operations, and an increase in processing time in the process of protecting service information using universal cryptography methods. Therefore, the article aims to develop a method for masking service data compression to ensure their confidentiality, considering the peculiarities of their formation by crypto compression methods. In modes with controlled loss of information quality, the elements of the service component are formed in a reduced dynamic range. Their length is 7 bits. To ensure the confidentiality of such elements, it is necessary to develop a method for masking overhead compression in video compression systems. On the one hand, overhead blocks should not contain redundant information. On the other hand, they must be formed from bit positions from different elements of the service components. On the other hand, they should be formed from bit positions from different elements of the service components. For that, it is proposed to organize the assembly of the elements of the service components. It is organized by combining 7-bit elements of service components into 8-bit complete sequences. Encryption blocks are formed from 8-bit sequences. The assembly of service components ensures the mixing of service data and reducing their quantity. To violate the structure of the representation of service components, it is proposed to additionally organize the permutation of 8-bit completed sequences. It provides a significant dispersion of the bit positions of the 7-bit overhead elements and the destruction of the correlation between the overhead elements. The correlation coefficients of the original and reconstructed images using encrypted service components are in the region of 0. The number of changing pixels is above the theoretical threshold value of 99.5341%.

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Contactless Video-Based Heart Rate Monitoring of a Resting and an Anesthetized Pig

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 442

Author(s):

Meiqing Wang ◽

Ali Youssef ◽

Mona Larsen ◽

Jean-Loup Rault ◽

Daniel Berckmans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Estimation Error ◽

Well Being ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Mean Value ◽

Video Data ◽

Window Functions ◽

The Face ◽

Short Time ◽

Better Than

Heart rate (HR) is a vital bio-signal that is relatively easy to monitor with contact sensors and is related to a living organism’s state of health, stress and well-being. The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm to extract HR (in beats per minute) of an anesthetized and a resting pig from raw video data as a first step towards continuous monitoring of health and welfare of pigs. Data were obtained from two experiments, wherein the pigs were video recorded whilst wearing an electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring system as gold standard (GS). In order to develop the algorithm, this study used a bandpass filter to remove noise. Then, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) method was tested by evaluating different window sizes and window functions to accurately identify the HR. The resulting algorithm was first tested on videos of an anesthetized pig that maintained a relatively constant HR. The GS HR measurements for the anesthetized pig had a mean value of 71.76 bpm and standard deviation (SD) of 3.57 bpm. The developed algorithm had 2.33 bpm in mean absolute error (MAE), 3.09 bpm in root mean square error (RMSE) and 67% in HR estimation error below 3.5 bpm (PE3.5). The sensitivity of the algorithm was then tested on the video of a non-anaesthetized resting pig, as an animal in this state has more fluctuations in HR than an anaesthetized pig, while motion artefacts are still minimized due to resting. The GS HR measurements for the resting pig had a mean value of 161.43 bpm and SD of 10.11 bpm. The video-extracted HR showed a performance of 4.69 bpm in MAE, 6.43 bpm in RMSE and 57% in PE3.5. The results showed that HR monitoring using only the green channel of the video signal was better than using three color channels, which reduces computing complexity. By comparing different regions of interest (ROI), the region around the abdomen was found physiologically better than the face and front leg parts. In summary, the developed algorithm based on video data has potential to be used for contactless HR measurement and may be applied on resting pigs for real-time monitoring of their health and welfare status, which is of significant interest for veterinarians and farmers.

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A method for reducing information redundancy of digital images for cloud storage

Connectivity ◽

10.31673/2412-9070.2020.060814 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 148 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Yu. I. Katkov ◽

◽

O. S. Zvenigorodsky ◽

O. V. Zinchenko ◽

V. V. Onyshchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Compression ◽

Video Compression ◽

Cloud Storage ◽

Video Data ◽

Information Redundancy ◽

High Quality ◽

Video Information ◽

Quality Video ◽

High Quality Video

The article is devoted to the topical issue of finding new effective and improving existing widespread compression methods in order to reduce computational complexity and improve the quality of image-renewable image compression images, is important for the introduction of cloud technologies. The article presents a problem To increase the efficiency of cloud storage, it is necessary to determine methods for reducing the information redundancy of digital images by fractal compression of video content, to make recommendations on the possibilities of applying these methods to solve various practical problems. The necessity of storing high-quality video information in new HDTV formats 2k, 4k, 8k in cloud storage to meet the existing needs of users has been substantiated. It is shown that when processing and transmitting high quality video information there is a problem of reducing the redundancy of video data (image compression) provided that the desired image quality is preserved, restored by the user. It has been shown that in cloud storage the emergence of such a problem is historically due to the contradiction between consumer requirements for image quality and the necessary volumes and ways to reduce redundancy of video data, which are transmitted over communication channels and processed in data center servers. The solution to this problem is traditionally rooted in the search for effective technologies for compressing, archiving and compressing video information. An analysis of video compression methods and digital video compression technology has been performed, which reduces the amount of data used to represent the video stream. Approaches to image compression in cloud storage under conditions of preservation or a slight reduction in the amount of data that provide the user with the specified quality of the restored image are shown. Classification of special compression methods without loss and with information loss is provided. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that it is advisable to use special methods of compression with loss of information to store high quality video information in the new formats HDTV 2k, 4k, 8k in cloud storage. The application of video image processing and their encoding and compression on the basis of fractal image compression is substantiated. Recommendations for the implementation of these methods are given.

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A novel chaotic system based on coupled map lattice and its application in HEVC encryption

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering ◽

10.3934/mbe.2021463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 9410-9429

Author(s):

Qing Ye ◽

◽

Qiaojia Zhang ◽

Sijie Liu ◽

Kaiqiang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chaotic System ◽

Stream Cipher ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Chaotic Map ◽

Large Data ◽

Coupled Map Lattice ◽

Video Data ◽

Video Encryption ◽

High Efficiency Video Coding ◽

Video Information

<abstract> <p>Video information is currently widely used in various fields. Compared with image and text data, video data has the characteristics of large data volume, strong data relevance, and large data redundancy, which makes traditional cryptographic systems no longer suitable for video encryption systems. The paper proposes a new chaotic system based on coupled map lattice (CML) and applies it to high efficiency video coding (HEVC) video encryption. The chaotic system logistic-iterative chaotic map with infinite collapses-coupled map lattice (L-ICMIC-CML), which is improved on the basis of the ICMIC system and combined with CML, generates stream ciphers and encrypts some syntax elements of HEVC. The experimental results show that the stream cipher generated by the L-ICMIC-CML system passes the SP800-22 Revla test and has strong randomness. Applying the stream cipher to the proposed HEVC encryption scheme, through the analysis of the encryption scheme's security, encryption time and encryption efficiency, it is better than other chaotic system encryption schemes. The video encryption system proposed in this paper is both safe and efficient.</p> </abstract>

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Does Big4 Audit Improve the Quality of Corporate Information, An Empirical Analysis Based on PSM

Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research ◽

10.53469/jissr.2021.08(09).15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 76-78

Author(s):

Hanxu Zhao ◽

Keyword(s):

Information Quality ◽

Accounting Information ◽

Statistical Relationship ◽

Accounting Firms ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Empirical Argument ◽

Big Four ◽

Corporate Information ◽

Better Than

Based on the PSM (Propensity Score Matching) approach, this paper presents a rigorous empirical argument to illustrate the statistical relationship between the audit background of the Big Four accounting firms and the quality of corporate accounting information, using a sample of all listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2011 to 2020. This paper finds that after selecting the control and treatment groups under the PSM approach and solving the model endogeneity problem, the information quality of companies with the audit background of the Big Four accounting firms is significantly better than that of companies audited by ordinary accounting firms.

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Parallel-Pipelined Video Processing in Multicore Heterogeneous Systems on Chip

Proceedings of Universities ELECTRONICS ◽

10.24151/1561-5405-2021-26-2-172-183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 172-183

Author(s):

E.S. Yanakova ◽

◽

G.T. Macharadze ◽

L.G. Gagarina ◽

A.A. Shvachko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Video Processing ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Heterogeneous Systems ◽

Video Data ◽

System Level ◽

Video Information ◽

Systems On Chip ◽

The Face ◽

Parallel Pipelined ◽

On Chip

A turn from homogeneous to heterogeneous architectures permits to achieve the advantages of the efficiency, size, weight and power consumption, which is especially important for the built-in solutions. However, the development of the parallel software for heterogeneous computer systems is rather complex task due to the requirements of high efficiency, easy programming and the process of scaling. In the paper the efficiency of parallel-pipelined processing of video information in multiprocessor heterogeneous systems on a chip (SoC) such as DSP, GPU, ISP, VDP, VPU and others, has been investigated. A typical scheme of parallel-pipelined processing of video data using various accelerators has been presented. The scheme of the parallel-pipelined video data on heterogeneous SoC 1892VM248 has been developed. The methods of efficient parallel-pipelined processing of video data in heterogeneous computers (SoC), consisting of the operating system level, programming technologies level and the application level, have been proposed. A comparative analysis of the most common programming technologies, such as OpenCL, OpenMP, MPI, OpenAMP, has been performed. The analysis has shown that depend-ing on the device finite purpose two programming paradigms should be applied: based on OpenCL technology (for built-in system) and MPI technology (for inter-cell and inter processor interaction). The results obtained of the parallel-pipelined processing within the framework of the face recognition have confirmed the effectiveness of the chosen solutions.

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Navigating Through Video Stories Using Clustering Sets

International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management ◽

10.4018/jmdem.2011070101 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sheila M. Pinto-Cáceres ◽

Jurandy Almeida ◽

Vânia P. A. Neris ◽

M. Cecília C. Baranauskas ◽

Neucimar J. Leite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Video Data ◽

Empirical Comparison ◽

Interactive Search ◽

Video Information ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Evolution Of Technology ◽

Monitoring Aircraft Position Using EGNOS Data for the SBAS APV Approach to the Landing Procedure

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20071945 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1945 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kamil Krasuski ◽

Damian Wierzbicki

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Satellite System ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

International Civil Aviation Organization ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

Research Findings ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Service Data ◽

Computational Strategy ◽

Better Than

The aim of this paper is to present the problem of the implementation of the EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) data for the processing of aircraft position determination. The main aim of the research is to develop a new computational strategy which might improve the performance of the EGNOS system in aviation, based on navigation solutions of an aircraft position, using several GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) onboard receivers. The results of an experimental test conducted by the Cessna 172 at EPDE (European Poland Deblin) (ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code, N51°33.07’/E21°53.52’) aerodrome in Dęblin are presented and discussed in this paper. Two GNSS navigation receivers with the EGNOS positioning function for monitoring changes in the parameters of the aircraft position in real time during the landing phase were installed onboard a Cessna 172. Based on obtained research findings, it was discovered that the positioning accuracy was not higher than 2.1 m, and the integrity of positioning did not exceed 19 m. Moreover, the availability parameter was found to equal 1 (or 100%); also, no intervals in the continuity of the operation of the EGNOS system were recorded. In the paper, the results of the air test from Dęblin were compared with the parameters of positioning quality from the air test conducted in Chełm (ICAO code: EPCD, N51°04’57.8” E23°26’15”). In the air test in Chełm, the obtained parameters of EGNOS quality positioning were: better than 4.9 m for accuracy, less than 35.5 m for integrity, 100% for availability, and no breaks in continuity. Based on the results of the air tests in Dęblin and Chełm, it was concluded that the parameters of the EGNOS positioning quality in aviation for the SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) APV (Approach to Vertical guidance) procedure were satisfied in accordance with the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) requirements. The presented research method can be utilized in the SBAS APV landing procedure in Polish aviation. In this paper, the results of PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) are presented and compared to the two air tests in Dęblin and Chełm. The maximum results of PDOP amounted to 1.4 in the air test in Dęblin, whereas they equaled 4.0 in the air test in Chełm. The paper also shows how the EGNOS system improved the aircraft position in relation to the only GPS solution. In this context, the EGNOS system improved the aircraft position from about 78% to 95% for each ellipsoidal coordinate axis.

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Semantic Content-Based Retrieval for Video Documents

Interactive Multimedia Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-931777-07-0.ch004 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 89-135

Author(s):

Lilac Al-Safadi ◽

Janusz Getta

Keyword(s):

Video Retrieval ◽

Semantic Content ◽

Research Area ◽

Query Languages ◽

Video Data ◽

Digital Television ◽

Video Information ◽

Standard Text ◽

Multimedia Technologies ◽

Video Documents

The advancement of multimedia technologies has enabled electronic processing of information to be recorded in formats that are different from the standard text format. These include image, audio and video formats. The video format is a rich and expressive form of media used in many areas of our everyday life, such as in education, medicine and engineering. The expressiveness of video documents is the main reason for their domination in future information systems. Therefore, effective and efficient access to video information that supports video-based applications has become a critical research area. This has led to the development of, for example, new digitizing and compression tools and technology, video data models and query languages, video data management systems and video analyzers. With applications of a vast amount of stored video data, such as news archives and digital television, video retrieval became, and still is, an active area of research.

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