scholarly journals The Golden Rule in Thomas Reid's System of First Principles of Morality

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Artemyeva Olga
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Classical Formula ◽  
Moral Concept ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Normative Content

In Modern times, the Golden Rule, the classical formula of which is contained in the Sermon on the Mount Matthew 7:12, is the subject of discussion in a number of moral and philosophical teachings as a specifically moral concept that partially or completely expresses the normative meaning of morality. It is in the Moderntimes that the rule gets its name of the Golden one. In the article, the modern understanding of the Golden Rule is considered on the basis of Thomas Reid’s ethics, who included the rule formula among the first principles of morality, i.e. self-evident principles that constitute moral thinking, determine moral reasoning, from which the entire system of moral duties is derived, and any person who seeks to understand what his duty is in specific circumstances, based on them, can do this. The main purpose of the Golden Rule, Reid saw in the fact that its application allows you to overcome the individual's partiality for himself and prejudice against others – which turns out to be destructive for human relations. He considers the Golden Rule as the rule of impartiality. The article shows that the special place that Reid assigned to the Golden Rule in the system of first principles was determined by the fact that (1) Reid described only the Golden Rule as the rule of the Divine teacher and overshadowed with the authority of the law and the prophets; (2) he described the rule as “the most comprehensive”, i.e. extending its effect to all possible relations between people – equal and unequal, including the relation of a person to himself, and all types of duties (to himself and others, perfect and imperfect). The article concludes that Reid presented the Golden Rule as an expression of the entire normative content of morality. Therefore, although he did not build a hierarchy of first principles, we can conclude that the Golden Rule by the very logic of Reid in his system turns out to be the highest.

Without the Power to Drink or Contract

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Warren Swain
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Over Time

Intoxication as a ground to set aside a contract is not something that has proved to be easy for the law to regulate. This is perhaps not very surprising. Intoxication is a temporary condition of varying degrees of magnitude. Its presence does however raise questions of contractual autonomy and individual responsibility. Alcohol consumption is a common social activity and perceptions of intoxication and especially alcoholism have changed over time. Roman law is surprisingly quiet on the subject. In modern times the rules about intoxicated contracting in Scottish and English law is very similar. Rather more interestingly the law in these two jurisdictions has reached the current position in slightly different ways. This history can be traced through English Equity, the works of the Scottish Institutional writers, the rise of the Will Theory, and all leavened with a dose of judicial pragmatism.

EXPLORING THE INTERNAL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE ORGANIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Marin Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Professional Culture ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this article is the genesis of the professional culture of personnel management. The last decades of the 20th century were marked by various revolutions - scientific, technical, democratic, informational, sexual, etc. Their cumulative effect has been mostly reflected in the professional revolution that shapes the professional society around the world. This social revolution has global consequences. In addition to its extensive parameters, it also has intensive ones related to the deeply-rooted structural changes in the ways of working and thinking, as well as in the forms of its social organization. The professional revolutions in the history of Modern Times stem from this theory.Employees’ awareness and accountability shall be strengthened. The leader must be able to formulate and bring closer to the employees the vision of the organization and its future goal, to which all shall aspire. He should pay attention not to the "letter" but to the "spirit" of this approach.

Philosophical and Cultural Aspects of Medical Profession: Philosophical and Conceptual Peculiarities

Cultura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Iryna MELNYCHUK ◽  
Nadiya FEDCHYSHYN ◽  
Oleg PYLYPYSHYN ◽  
Anatolii VYKHRUSHCH
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ecological Culture ◽  
High Level

The article analyzes the philosophical and cultural view of “doctor’s professional culture” as a result of centuries-old practice of human relations, which is characterized by constancy and passed from generation to generation. Medicine is a complex system in which an important role is played by: philosophical outlook of a doctor, philosophical culture, ecological culture, moral culture, aesthetic culture, artistic culture. We have found that within the system “doctor-patient” the degree of cultural proximity becomes a factor that influences the health or life of a patient. Thus, the following factors are important here: 1) communication that suppresses a sick person; 2) the balance of cultural and intellectual levels; 3) the cultural environment of a patient which has much more powerful impact on a patient than the medical one.At the present stage, the interdependence of professional and humanitarian training of future specialists is predominant, as a highly skilled specialist can not but become a subject of philosophizing. We outlined the sphere where the doctors present a genre variety of philosophizing (philosophical novels, apologies, dialogues, diaries, aphorisms, confessions, essays, etc.). This tradition represents the original variations in the formation of future doctor’s communicative competences, which are formed in the process of medical students’ professional training.A survey conducted among medical students made it possible to establish their professional values, which are indicators of the formation of philosophical and culturological competence. It was found out that 92% of respondents believed that a doctor should demonstrate a high level of health culture (avoid drinking and smoking habits, etc.)99% of respondents favoured a high level of personal qualities of a doctor which would allow methods and forms of medical practice to assert higher human ideals of truth, goodness and beauty that are the subject area of cultural studies and philosophy.

scholarly journals RELIGION AND PURE REASON

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER V. USACHEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Method ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Structural Relations

The object of the research is a syncretic reality in which pure reason and religion are present. The subject of research is religion and pure reason in their structural relations in modern times and today. The study was formed in accordance with the structural and functional method. Its essence consists in searching for visible connections between the subjects of pure reason and the subjects of religion. The phenomenological method is a complement to the structural-functional one, since it can be used as a method of analysis in the fundamental phenomena of being and consciousness, rational and religious components are intertwined in a life composition, in which sometimes the rational and religious are inseparable from each other and have the same goals, for example: victory over poverty, disease and other adversities. In this sense, building or analyzing structural correspondences brings the researcher closer to a clear picture of the goals and means to achieve mutual understanding...

scholarly journals Scientia est potentia

2009 ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Ülo Kaevats
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Natural Objects ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Object Of Study

Oma algses mitmetähenduslikkuses on see F. Baconi aforism kõige tihendatum tõdemus, mis tõmbab olemusliku eraldusjoone ühelt poolt antiikse ja keskaegse ning teisalt uusaegse arusaama vahele teadusest ja teadusteadmisest. Artiklis püüab autor anda võimaluste piires tervikpildi uusaja teaduse industriaalselt (tehnoloogiliselt) orienteeritud teadmistüübi tekkimisest. Uusaja teaduse kujunemiseks vajaliku pöörde maailmavaateliste eeldustena tuleb käsitleda: (1) põhimõtteliselt uut subjekti ja objekti käsitust; (2) täiesti uut väärtusruumi, uut teaduse ideoloogiat (ilmalikkus, kriitiline vaim, tõesus ja praktiline kasulikkus); (3) tunnetuslaadi muutust — kontemplatsioonilt interventsioonile, kvaliteedi kirjeldamiselt kvantiteedi uurimisele; (4) looduse käsitlemist Kosmose asemel seaduspäraselt korrastatud objektide “väljana”. Uue tunnetusstiili — empiirilise ja teoreetilise tunnetuse kokkuviimine, hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse metodoloogia kujundamine Galilei poolt, abstraktse ja sünteetilis-tekstilise loomuga spekulatsiooni asendumine uurimisobjekti ehituse, korrapära ja põhjuslikkuse objektiivse analüüsiga, universaalsete loodusseaduste doktriini kujunemine jms—kujunemine konstitueeris uut tüüpi teadmise. Teadmise kui nähtava maailma piltkoopia asemele luuakse teadmine kui loodusobjektide seaduspära analüütiline rekonstruktsioon. See on vormiltmatemaatiline, päritolult eksperimentaalne ning loodusobjektide kontrollimisele ja ümbertegemisele suunatud nn valdamisteadmine.This F. Bacon's aphorism in its original ambiguity is the most condensed belief that draws a distinctive essential line between ancient and medieval understanding of science and scientific knowledge on one hand and modern understanding on the other. The author aims at providing, as far as possible, an integral overview of emerging of the industrially (technologically) orientated type of knowledge of modern times. Ideological/philosophical preconditions of the change necessary for emerging of modern science are: (1) a fundamentally new approach to the subject and object; (2) a completely new system of values, a new ideology of science (secularity, critical spirit, trueness and utilitarianism); (3) a change in manner of cognizance - from contemplation to intervention, from describing quality to studying quantity; (4) treating nature as a naturally organised "field" of objects instead of the Cosmos. Emerging of a new style of cognizance - bringing together of empirical and theoretical cognition, the devise of the hypothetical-deductive method by Galilei, replacement of speculations abstract and synthetic-textual in nature with objective study of the structure, regularity and causality of the object of study, establishment of the doctrine of universal natural laws etc - constituted a new type of knowledge. Knowledge as a copy of the visible world is replaced by knowledge as an analytical reconstruction of the regularity of natural objects. It is so-called dispositive knowledge, morphologically mathematical, originally experimental and aimed at control and alteration of natural objects.

scholarly journals Pavel Florensky’s Concept of Organ Projection and Herbert McLuhan’s Idea of Extensions of Man: The Subject in the Era of Incarnated Utopias

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Никита Вадимович Сороколетов
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
Perceptual Abilities

В данной статье анализируются, в первую очередь, утопические проекты П. Флоренского и К. Малевича, которые сравниваются с идеей расширяющегося тела Г. Маклюэна. Значительное внимание уделяется концепции органопроекции, предложенной П. Флоренским, и концепции развоплощения, описанной К. Малевичем. В статье также предпринята попытка выяснить, каким образом эти утопии влияют на перцептивные способности субъекта. На основе проведённого анализа автор приходит к выводу о том, что если в случае с фашизмом технология приводит к эстетизации политики, в случае с коммунизмом - к политизации искусства, то в современную эпоху наблюдается нечто третье, а именно - эстетизация субъекта. Таким образом, автор статьи, сравнивая утопические проекты П. Флоренского, К. Малевича и Г. Маклюэна, прослеживает связь между ними и приходит к выводу о том, что не все утопии ХХ века преодолены. The article analyses utopian projects of Fr. Pavel Florensky and K. Malevich, who are compared with Herbert Marshall McLuhan’s idea of expanding body. A special attention is paid to the concepts of organic projection developed by Florensky and to the concepts of excarnation presented by K. Malevich. The article seeks to find out how these utopians influence on the perceptual abilities of subject. The author suggests that if in the case of fascism technology leads to the aestheticization of politics and in the case of communism to the politicization of art, then in the modern times the aestheticization of subject is observed. Comparing the utopian projects of Florensky, Malevich and McLuhan, the author concludes that not all utopias of the 20th century have so far been overcome.

W(h)ither Media Influence?

2000 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Cunningham ◽  
Angela Romano
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Media Influence ◽  
Complex Flows ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Media Regulation ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Central Term

During 1999–2000, the Productivity Commission's inquiry into Broadcasting, together with the ABA's ‘cash for comment’ inquiry, painted the old shibboleth of media influence in a new light. Influence has been a central term in government media regulation, but the term has rarely been interrogated from first principles in the policy domain. Assumptions have been made about the greater influence of television compared with radio, in spite of ongoing controversy centring around the cash for comment inquiry that has spotlighted both the power of talkback radio kings and their potential to misuse it. Policy-makers and politicians have also been overly optimistic about the potential of new media forms to ameliorate concentration of influence in the hands of media oligopolies. After examining the complex flows of influence within and between media organisations, this paper lists several recommendations for future directions in research on the subject.

Dylematy poznawcze Krzysztofa Kolumba

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Wojciech Iwańczak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Middle Ages

The text analyses the inner life of Christopher Columbus based mainly on his writings and the literature on the subject. It is an attempt to reconstruct the mentality of the great explorer against the background of his turbulent biography and the historical context of the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times.

Mathematical Background

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg M. Anderson ◽  
David A. Crerar
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Real World ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Mathematical Language ◽  
Integral Calculus ◽  
The Road ◽  
Mathematical Background ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Side

Thermodynamics, like other sciences, has a theoretical side, expressed in mathematical language, and a practical side, in which experiments are performed to produce the physical data required and interpreted by the theoretical side. The mathematical side of thermodynamics is simple and elegant and is easily derived from first principles. This might lead to the conclusion that thermodynamics is a simple subject, one that can be easily absorbed early in one's education before going on to more challenging and interesting topics. This is true, if by learning thermodynamics one means learning to manipulate its equations and variables and showing their interrelationships. But for most students the subject is actually far from simple, and for professors it is a considerable challenge to present the necessary material intelligibly. The equations and the variables are somehow related to the real world of beakers and solutions, fuels and engines, rocks and minerals, and it is this interface that provides most of the difficulties. What do variables such as entropy and free energy really mean, and what physical processes do the equations describe? The difficulty in understanding and using thermodynamics is conceptual, not mathematical. We will attempt to explain the relationship between the mathematical and the physical sides of thermodynamics, but it is advisable first to review the mathematics involved and subsequently to define the terms used in thermodynamics. The mathematics required for thermodynamics consists for the most part of nothing more complex than differential and integral calculus. However, several aspects of the subject can be presented in various ways that are either more or less mathematically based, and the "best" way for various individuals depends on their mathematical background. The more mathematical treatments are elegant, concise, and satisfying to some people, and too abstract and divorced from reality for others. In this book we attempt to steer a middle-of-the-road course. We review in the first part of this chapter those aspects of mathematics that are absolutely essential to an understanding of thermodynamics. The chapter closes with mathematical topics that, although not essential, do help in understanding certain aspects of thermodynamics.

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