scholarly journals Rheological properties of emulsion of crude oil and water

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-230
Author(s):  
Duong Ngoc Hai ◽  
Nguyen Van Diep ◽  
Ha Ngoc Hien ◽  
Nguyen The Duc ◽  
Phung Dinh Thuc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Analytical Approximation ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Effective Dynamic ◽  
White Tiger

In the paper the rheological properties of crude oil of White Tiger oil-field (Vietnam) and its emulsion with sea-water, including measurement results and analytical approximation formulae for wide range of pressure, temperature and water concentration, are presented. As it is known, the crude oil of White Tiger oil-field is a high-paraffin and high-viscous oil. At the low temperature (T ≤ 40°C) it behaves as non-Newtonian fluid of Bingham-Shvedov group. Therefore, beside the effective viscosity, the effective dynamic shear stress is also measured and approximated. The rheological properties of crude oil and emulsion of crude oil and water are also measured and approximated for the case when the mixture contains 0.1% chemical reagent ES-3363.

scholarly journals Review of Oilfield Chemicals Used in Oil and Gas Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
M. Chukunedum Onojake ◽  
T. Angela Waka
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oilfield Chemicals

The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation and marketing of natural gas, crude oil and refined petroleum products. The oil industry demands more sophisticated methods for the exploitation of petroleum. As a result, the use of oil field chemicals is becoming increasingly important and has received much attention in recent years due to the vast role they play in the recovery of hydrocarbons which has enormous  commercial benefits. The three main sectors of the petroleum industry are Upstream, Midstream and Downstream. The Upstream deals with exploration and the subsequent production (drilling of exploration wells to recover oil and gas). In the Midstream sector, petroleum produced is transported through pipelines as natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids. Downstream sector is basically involved in the processing of the raw materials obtained from the Upstream sector. The operations comprises of refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of natural gas. Oil field chemicals offers exceptional applications in these sectors with wide range of applications in operations such as improved oil recovery, drilling optimization, corrosion protection, mud loss prevention, drilling fluid stabilization in high pressure and high temperature environment, and many others. Application of a wide range of oilfield chemicals is therefore essential to rectify issues and concerns which may arise from oil and gas operational activities. This review intends to highlight some of the oil field chemicals and  their positive applications in the oil and gas Industries.

210Po in Marine Organisms: A Wide Range of Natural Radiation Dose Domains

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mesopelagic Fish ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Chain Transfer

Abstract Marine biota is able to concentrate 210Po to high levels, as 103-105 relative to sea water concentration. 210Po concentrations in mixed zooplankton reaches 34-51 Bq.kg-1 (fresh wt), special groups such as copepods reaching even higher concentrations ~90 Bq.kg-1, whereas gelatinous zooplankton display ~1 Bq.kg-1. Epipelagic teleosts feeding on plankton displayed the highest concentrations found in fish muscle, 2-21 Bq.kg-1. Contrasting with this, demersal teleosts and elasmobranchs display lower 210Po concentrations, in the ranges 0.5-7 Bq.kg-1 and 0.2-1.7 Bq.kg-1, respectively. Much higher concentrations can, however, be measured in fish liver, gonad, bone and piloric caecca, and small mesopelagic fish can reach ~800 Bq.kg-1 on a whole-body basis. Due to these 210Po activity concentrations, dose equivalent rates delivered to biological tissues in marine organisms can vary widely, from 0.4 mSv.y-1 in gelatinous plankton up to 5.6 x 103 mSv.y-1 in the gut wall of sardines. It is concluded that in organisms living in the same ocean layer a wide range of internal radiation doses exist and it is essentially sustained by 210Po food-chain transfer.

Estimation of the Combustion Temperature Profile in a Romanian Oil Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2669-2676
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Branoiu ◽  
Tudora Cristescu ◽  
Iulian Nistor
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
In Situ Combustion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
Thermal Oil

Developing and producing of the heavy crude oil involved significant economic and technological challenges. The oil industry ability to prospect and capitalize the huge world heavy oil resources both economically and environmentally friendly will be crucial in helping meet future energy needs. Thermal oil recovery is one of the three types of techniques belonging to Enhanced Oil Recovery. It is applied for increasing the cumulative of crude oil that can be produced in an oil field. One of the oldest thermal oil recovery is in-situ combustion or fireflooding applied for the first time about 100 years ago. Despite in-situ combustion has not found widespread acceptance among operators like other thermal processes (such as steam injection), analysis of the successful projects indicates that the process is applicable to a wide range of oil reservoirs, especially to heavy crude oils. An important monitoring parameter of thermal oil recovery process is represented by thermal regime especially in heavy oil fields in which a high-temperature regime must be occur as the in-situ combustion to be successful. In the paper the authors are using thermal analysis (thermogravimetric and thermodifferential analysis) for investigation of the thermal regime involved in the production process of an oil reservoir by in-situ combustion.

scholarly journals Experimental study on percolation mechanism and displacement characteristics of cold recovery in offshore heavy oil field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-xian Liu ◽  
Jie Tan ◽  
Hui Cai ◽  
Gong-chang Wang ◽  
Song-ru Mou
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Oil Reservoir ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Heavy Oil Reservoir ◽  
Target Block

AbstractThe heavy oil reservoir is a special kind of oil and gas reservoir that differs from the conventional reservoir in many ways. Due to the high viscosity of crude oil, it is not easy to recover. When the viscosity of underground crude oil exceeds 150 cp, the land heavy oil field is generally developed by thermal recovery. S.Z. oilfield is a heavy oil reservoir in the Bohai Sea, with surface crude oil viscosity of 3000–25,000 cp and underground crude oil viscosity of 400–1000 cp. Limited by offshore equipment, the development strategy of land oilfields can't be directly applied. High production capacity is obtained through the cold production development of horizontal branch experimental wells, and the water drive production capacity can reach 40–70 m3/day. At present, there is a lack of research on cold recovery development under the viscosity of crude oil. The existing primary research and common knowledge are challenging to support efficient development technology for effectively producing heavy oil reservoirs. In this paper, through physical simulation experiments, the phase behavior and rheological properties of crude oil in the target block are studied, and the rheological properties of crude oil are clarified. Then, the depletion production and water flooding experiments are carried out, and the displacement characteristics and laws of water flooding cold production are analyzed. Finally, the indoor experiments of water flooding sweep efficiency and oil displacement efficiency in the target block are carried out. Clear its micro and macro spread. It provides technical support for the effective production of offshore heavy oil fields.

The Role of Temperature and Heterotrophism in Determining Crude Oil Toxicity

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
J.E.S. Graham ◽  
T.C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Chlamydomonas Eugametos ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil Toxicity

Abstract Crude oil spills are increasingly likely to occur from drilling, pumping and transportation activities as oil development proceeds at a rapid pace. These spills may occur over the wide range of climatic conditions which obtain in Canada. Little is known of oil toxicity at different temperatures; consequently, laboratory studies were made of the variability of the toxicity of aqueous extracts of a Norman Wells crude oil to freshwater algae over the temperature range 5°C to 35°C. Two unicellular green algae were studied: Chlamydomonas eugametos and Chlorella vulgaris. Their response (measured by cell numbers) varied with temperature and species. Whereas Chlamydomonas eugametos showed a general pattern of growth inhibition by oil at all temperatures with maximum inhibition at 25°C, Chlorella vulgaris showed general growth stimulation by oil with maximum stimulation at 25°C, this temperature was chosen for all further experimentation. All experiments were done using unialgal cultures and sterile technique. Cells were grown in 50 ml of nutrient medium (BBM) in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Such flasks allow gas exchange and permit loss of volatile hydrocarbons. Aqueous extracts were made by slowly stirring 5% crude oil with the nutrient medium for six hours using a magnetic mixer. The extract was then allowed to sit for two to four hours before the lower fraction was drawn off for use. Experiments were carried out in controlled environment chambers (±2°C) with a twelve hour light-dark cycle. All further experiments used a similar methodology. (Note: Chlamydomonas eugametos experiments were carried out on a rotary shaker at 125 rpm.) An attempt was made to determine the reason for the remarkable stimulation in growth of Chlorella vulgaris #29 at 25°C. This organism has been described in the literature as heterotrophic. Thus three reasons for stimulation seemed possible: 1. heterotrophic uptake of hydrocarbons directly from solution; 2. heterotrophic uptake of organic compounds formed or released by microbial breakdown of hydrocarbons (the aqueous extract of crude was not sterile); or 3. the use of CO2 released to solution by microbial respiration. The original experiment was repeated in the dark at 20°C to determine if stimulation still occurred. It did not, since cells exposed to the aqueous extract decreased in numbers. However, after two weeks the cells were illuminated and even though experimental flasks started off with depleted populations, they outgrew the control cells within two weeks. This suggested that if stimulation was related to heterotrophism, it must, at least in this case, have been the unusual case of photoheterotrophism. The reasons for this stimulation of growth are currently under investigation. Several methods are being employed to investigate the suspected heterotrophism. Experiments will be done to determine whether light energy is essential to the stimulation. Two varieties of Chlorella vulgaris, i.e. #29 and #260 are heterotrophic and autotrophic respectively, are to be used in experiments. Sterile aqueous extracts made by pressure ultrafiltration will be used. These experiments should determine whether algal growth stimulation is related to heterotrophism or whether microbial degradation of hydrocarbons is the real source of stimulation. Although the toxicity of crude oil may be rapidly ameliorated by physical and/or biological phenomena, one must still be aware of the possibility of a large input of organic carbon causing extensive eutrophication. Thus both toxicity and eutrophication will cause a selection, in terms of survival, in a natural environment. It is evident that although an oil spill may not totally destroy an ecosystem, it will certainly alter its natural composition considerably.

scholarly journals Assessing the Relation between Mud Components and Rheology for Loss Circulation Prevention Using Polymeric Gels: A Machine Learning Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Musaab I. Magzoub ◽  
Raj Kiran ◽  
Saeed Salehi ◽  
Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein ◽  
Mustafa S. Nasser
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Drilling Operations

The traditional way to mitigate loss circulation in drilling operations is to use preventative and curative materials. However, it is difficult to quantify the amount of materials from every possible combination to produce customized rheological properties. In this study, machine learning (ML) is used to develop a framework to identify material composition for loss circulation applications based on the desired rheological characteristics. The relation between the rheological properties and the mud components for polyacrylamide/polyethyleneimine (PAM/PEI)-based mud is assessed experimentally. Four different ML algorithms were implemented to model the rheological data for various mud components at different concentrations and testing conditions. These four algorithms include (a) k-Nearest Neighbor, (b) Random Forest, (c) Gradient Boosting, and (d) AdaBoosting. The Gradient Boosting model showed the highest accuracy (91 and 74% for plastic and apparent viscosity, respectively), which can be further used for hydraulic calculations. Overall, the experimental study presented in this paper, together with the proposed ML-based framework, adds valuable information to the design of PAM/PEI-based mud. The ML models allowed a wide range of rheology assessments for various drilling fluid formulations with a mean accuracy of up to 91%. The case study has shown that with the appropriate combination of materials, reasonable rheological properties could be achieved to prevent loss circulation by managing the equivalent circulating density (ECD).

scholarly journals The Survival of Haloferax mediterranei under Stressful Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Laura Matarredona ◽  
Mónica Camacho ◽  
Basilio Zafrilla ◽  
Gloria Bravo-Barrales ◽  
Julia Esclapez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Haloferax Mediterranei ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Metal ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Haloarchaea can survive and thrive under exposure to a wide range of extreme environmental factors, which represents a potential interest to biotechnology. Growth responses to different stressful conditions were examined in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei R4. It has been demonstrated that this halophilic archaeon is able to grow between 10 and 32.5% (w/v) of sea water, at 32–52 °C, although it is expected to grow in temperatures lower than 32 °C, and between 5.75 and 8.75 of pH. Moreover, it can also grow under high metal concentrations (nickel, lithium, cobalt, arsenic), which are toxic to most living beings, making it a promising candidate for future biotechnological purposes and industrial applications. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis quantified the intracellular ion concentrations of these four metals in Hfx. mediterranei, concluding that this haloarchaeon can accumulate Li+, Co2+, As5+, and Ni2+ within the cell. This paper is the first report on Hfx. mediterranei in which multiple stress conditions have been studied to explore the mechanism of stress resistance. It constitutes the most detailed study in Haloarchaea, and, as a consequence, new biotechnological and industrial applications have emerged.

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