scholarly journals The History of the Creation and Semantics of the Sacred Space of Ust-Medveditskiy Convent Caves in Volgograd Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Stepkin
Keyword(s):  
Sacred Space ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Introduction. The article presents the caves of Ust-Medveditsky St. Saviour convent in Volgograd region. The relevance of the research issue is in improving the recreational potential of the subject under study. The novelty of the work is in explaining the meaning of cave complex elements and the iconic stone with the image of knee and palm prints. The aim of the work is to study the history of creating the sacred space in the caves of Ust-Medveditsky convent. Herewith the work covers the following issues: 1) considering the history of creating caves by hegumeness Arseniya (Sebryakova); 2) clarification of the semantic meaning of some architectural elements in the cave complex in the context of creating the sacred space in the New Jerusalem of the Don region; 3) recommendations for developing the esthetical component of the caves, which increases the recreational potential for using the caves. Methods. In order to achieve the goals the author uses the structuralsemantic method, which allows to reveal the meaning of separate architectural elements in the caves in the structure of the cave complex. The system-based culturological method and the historical archaeological approach are used to understand the uniqueness of the object against the historical background of the dominating culture. The sources used to fulfill the objective include material ones such as architectural elements of the caves, written ones such as piligrimages, travellers’ notes about visits to the Holy Land, the biography of hegumeness Arseniya (Sebryakova). Analysis and Results. The caves under consideration were created in the second half of the 19th century by hegumeness Arseniya (Sebryakova). There was a sacred space of the Holy Land reconstructed: “Stations of the Cross” and “Sorrowful Way of the Holy Mother”. The stone with the image of knee and palm prints symbolizes the place where the Christ fell down after being arrested. Premise no. 8 with a step can symbolize the Holy Sepulcher with the tomb of Jesus. To improve the recreational potential of Ust- Medveditsky convent it is necessary to control microclimatic conditions, support the cave surface natural stone relief and colour, decorate the key sacred spaces with thematic icons.

A Sacred Space Is Never Empty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Smolkin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Sacred Space ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Experiment

When the Bolsheviks set out to build a new world in the wake of the Russian Revolution, they expected religion to die off. Soviet power used a variety of tools—from education to propaganda to terror—to turn its vision of a Communist world without religion into reality. Yet even with its monopoly on ideology and power, the Soviet Communist Party never succeeded in overcoming religion and creating an atheist society. This book presents the first history of Soviet atheism from the 1917 revolution to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The book argues that to understand the Soviet experiment, we must make sense of Soviet atheism. It shows how atheism was reimagined as an alternative cosmology with its own set of positive beliefs, practices, and spiritual commitments. Through its engagements with religion, the Soviet leadership realized that removing religion from the “sacred spaces” of Soviet life was not enough. Then, in the final years of the Soviet experiment, Mikhail Gorbachev—in a stunning and unexpected reversal—abandoned atheism and reintroduced religion into Soviet public life. The book explores the meaning of atheism for religious life, for Communist ideology, and for Soviet politics.

The Patriarch Nikon’s Museum in the New Jerusalem Monastery: the 145th Anniversary of Its Foundation

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Светлана Измайловна Баранова
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

Статья посвящена истории созданного в 1874 г. в Воскресенском Ново-Иерусалимском монастыре музея Святейшего патриарха Никона, а также истории возрождения музея в новом качестве, ставшего частью программы современного восстановления Ново-Иерусалимского монастыря. Рассмотрена роль устроителя музея архимандрита Леонида (Кавелина) (1822-1891) - настоятеля обители в 1869-1877 гг., выдающегося русского историка, историографа Воскресенского монастыря, собирателя его древностей и исследователя его архивов. Также представлен опыт построения экспозиции нового Музея патриарха Никона, использующий объединение историко-хронологического принципа с художественно-образным, коллекционного - с мемориальным, тематическим и ансамблевым. Восстановление в монастыре музея в новом качестве должно подчеркнуть мемориальную сущность обители как явления русской церковной археологии XIX в. Экспозиция, размещенная в залах музея, должна создать богатый информационновизуальный базис, оставить в памяти посетителя глубокий эмоциональный след, дать пищу для духовного развития и материал для общих размышлений о судьбах Святых Мест христианства, параллелях в жизни России и Святой Земли, колоссальном вкладе патриарха Никона в строительство величественного здания Русской Православной Церкви и зарождавшейся Российской империи. The article is dedicated to the history of the Museum of His Holiness Patriarch Nikon, founded in 1874 in the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery as well as the history of the revival of the museum in a new quality, which became part of the restoration program of the New Jerusalem Monastery. The role of the organizer of the museum, archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin) (1822-1891), the abbot of the monastery in 1869-1877, an outstanding Russian historian, the Resurrection Monastery historiographer, a collector of its antiquities and a researcher of its archives, is considered. Also, it is said about the experience of forming a collection of the new Patriarch Nikon’s Museum implementing historical-chronological, artistic-figurative, memorial, thematic and ensemble principles of the collection. Anew quality restoration done in the monastery museum should emphasize the memorial importance of the monastery as a phenomenon of Russian church archeology of the XIX century. The exposition located in the museum halls should create a rich informational and visual basis, have a deep emotional impact in the visitor’s memory, provide food for spiritual development and material for general reflection on the fate of the Holy Chrisitan Places, establish parallels in the life of Russia and the Holy Land, mark an enormous contribution of Patriarch Nikon in the construction of a magnificent building of the Russian Orthodox Church and the nascent Russian Empire.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals Pszichometria Magyarországon a 20. század első felében

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vajda Zsuzsanna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Skills ◽  
Mental Testing ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kulcsszavak: az értelmi képességek mérése, gyerekek és az iskola, a képességmérés bevezetése MagyarországonA modern pszichológia megszületésében - ezt a pszichológushallgatók már a bevezető kurzusokon megtanulják – alapvető szerepet játszott, hogy a 19. század derekára létrejöttek a mentális funkciók mérésének elvi és gyakorlati lehetőségei. Az egyszerűbb megismerő funkciók (érzékelés, emlékezés) mellett az értelmi képességek jelentették az első komplex emberi sajátosságot, amelynek mérésével a kutatók kísérleteztek. A koponya- és agytérfogat- vizsgálatoktól nem túlságosan hosszú út vezetett az értelem teljesítmény alapú méréséig, amelynek legsikeresebb változata a mai módszerekre is hatást gyakorló Alfred Binet nevéhez fűződik. Binet módszere gyorsan elterjedt a világ fejlettebbik felében, alig néhány éven belül Magyarországra is eljutott. Vajon tartogat-e érdekességeket a több, mint egy évszázaddal ezelőtt zajlott hazai adaptáció bemutatása a mai olvasónak?Key words: measurement of mental capacities, children and schooling, introduction of mental testing in Hungary.By the end of  the 19th century many attempts had been made for the sake of measurement of mental capacities. It was nevertheless a theoretical and a practical need: having „objective” data about human skills  was a condition of becoming psychology as „science”. Hence educators wanted to learn more about cognitive development of children  and to understand why certain children could not keep up with their peers in the classrooms of schools. In the early 19ties Binet and Simon’s  test gained ground in Europe and United States and it has been soon introduced into Hungary  too. This paper gives a surway of the history of its introduction, its social and historical background and the people who took part in it.

scholarly journals The History Of Psychotherapy. Lecture 2. Historical Background Of Psychotherapy (Part IV)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
I.B. Grinshpun
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
William James ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
American Psychologist ◽  
History Of Psychotherapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper continues the cycle of lectures by Igor Borisovitch Grinshpun on history of psychotherapy. The current part of the lecture recounts the work of American psychologist and philosopher William James. His main works “The Principles of Psychology” and “The Varieties of Religious Experience” are discussed, his ideas on consciousness and personality are considered, and their influence on psychology and psychotherapy is traced. This lecture takes stock of the historical background of psychotherapy and makes a summary of the main events of the 19th century, which either influenced psychotherapy directly or proved significant to the development of psychotherapy. Students and colleagues of I.B. Grinshpun prepared the text for publication: Yana Bovbas, Ekaterina Mazaeva, Maria Marchenkova.

scholarly journals EARLY TRANSFORMATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE BRITISH CONCESSION IN MODERN EAST ASIA. RESEARCH ON 1866 LAND REGULATIONS OF THE BRITISH CONCESSION OF TIENTSIN

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-M-1-2021 ◽  
pp. 729-738
Author(s):  
S. Sun ◽  
N. Aoki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Management System ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Urban Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
Land Regulation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The systematic development of British Concession in the 19th century had a profound impact on the development of cities in the history of modernization in East Asia. To find out the relevance of the urban management system of the British concession and the process of urban modernization between different cities in East Asia, this paper combs the development process of land allocation and urban management in the early British concession by using the land regulation. It focuses on the specific case of the 1866 land regulation promulgated by the British concession in Tianjin from the perspective of colonialism and the construction and management system of the East Asian British concession. It analyses the historical background and influence, then further explores the reasons for its promulgation. This finding can fill part of the vacancy in the history of urban development and play an important role in the development of contemporary urban construction in East Asia as reflection and reference.

Religious Space and Place in Modern China

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Sacred Space ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

This article looks at the intersection of modern Chinese and traditional Chinese sacred spaces through the analysis of two case studies: Yuyuan Garden and Tourist Area and Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area. The article lays out a brief history of religion in China, the effects of modernization and globalization in China, the creation of sacred space within China, and the role tourism has played in preserving sacred spaces. Furthermore, this article examines how both sites dealt with and continue to deal with the question of religion in China, and how each has been worked into the tourist industry of China, either through choice or design. By becoming a part of the tourist industry, these sites have gained renown and interest because of what they offer, and thus illustrate that the blending of the sacred with the secular can be positive, especially within the context of modern China.

Shaping Sacred Space in the Sixteenth Century: Design Criteria for the Collegio Borromeo's Chapel

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sacred Space ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Spatial Complexity ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Ecclesiastical Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
The Church

In this article, I present a newly discovered, late-sixteenth-century design drawing for the chapel of the Collegio Borromeo, in Pavia, Italy, and investigate it in the context of contemporary Catholic ecclesiastical architecture. Historiographically, the period is dominated by the church of the Gesù, in Rome, interpreted as a typological paradigm characterized by austere architecture and restrained decoration. This view is called into question by the Collegio's chapel. The initial design (represented by the drawing) drew from ancient sources in order to achieve spatial complexity. The realized chapel is spatially simpler, but ornately ornamented and decorated. The chapel differs from what is considered the norm, but is the chapel an anomaly, or are traditional understandings of the Gesù invalid? On investigation, it becomes evident that patrons may have established a number of criteria for their churches, but architects had a degree of freedom in designing them. In few if any contemporary cases, however, was architectural severity a goal for Catholic churches. With the example of the Collegio's chapel, these findings take on greater significance: the patron, Carlo Borromeo (1538-1584), was one of the most important in the history of ecclesiastical architecture. The chapel's architect, Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), restored, renovated, and built numerous sacred spaces for Borromeo. What they achieved demonstrates that Catholic reformers of the latter half of the sixteenth century sought architectural magnificence for buildings dedicated to the worship of God.

scholarly journals Ο ΧΡΥΣΑΝΘΟΣ ΝΟΤΑΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ Η ΕΚΔΟΣΗ ΤΗΣ «ΔΩΔΕΚΑΒΙΒΛΟΥ» ΤΟΥ ΔΟΣΙΘΕΟΥ ΙΕΡΟΣΟΛΥΜΩΝ: ΜΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΑΝΑΛΗΘΟΥΣ ΧΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ (1715 / c.1722)

Μνήμων ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
ΚΩΣΤΑΣ ΣΑΡΡΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of

<p>Kostas Sarris, Chrysanthos Notar as and the publication of "Dodekavivlos" by Dositheos of Jerusalem: a case of false publication date (1715 / c.1722)</p><p>The article focuses on «Dodekavivlos» by Dositheos the patriarch of Jerusalem (1641-1707). His historiographic work was published after his decease by the Greek publishing house of Anthime in Bucharest. The book was edited by his nephew and successor to the patriarchical throne of Jerusalem Chrysanthos Notaras and the publisher and future bishop of Wallachia Mitrofanis Grigoras. The study concentrates on the false date of publication noted under the title of "Dodekavivlos", that is to say, October 1715, whereas, in reality, the book was published between 1721 and 1723. In the first part of the article, the process followed during the edition and the publication of the book is depicted. Moreover, the outset of the aforementioned procedure as well as the publication date of «Dodekavivlos» is determined. In this context, some aspects of history of the publishing house Anthime are clarified whilst the publishing work and the technical impediments confronted by a Greek publishing house in the Rumanian Principalities in the turning point of the 18th century are delineated. The second part of the article attempts to formulate a cohesive and comprehensive interpretation of the false publication date. Both the polemic character of the content of «Dodekavivlos», which due to the rivalry over the religious establishments of the Holy Land, was of political nature, and Chrysanthos Notaras' correspondence along with the historical background of the publication can conduce to some conjectures over Chrysanthos' decision not to record the real date but an earlier one as well as the choice of the particular date of the title. According to the interpretation brought forward, Nicolaos Mavrokordatos' potential political ventures played a significant role. Also, telltale, though of less importance, is the fact that the name of the publisher and bishop of Wallachia Anthimos Iviritis is not recorded under the false date of the title of «Dodekavivlos».</p>

scholarly journals Education History of Meskhetian (Ahiskaian) Turks: Tsarist Russia Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Gülnara GOCA MEMMEDLI
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Education History ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Turkish Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

When we talk about Meskhetian/Ahiskaian Turks, it is perceived that the Turkish community with a population of approximately 200 thousand existed in the Meskhetian/Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, who was exiled from their ancestral lands to the Central Asian countries in 1944 by the Soviet government. Due to its settled position, Ahiskaian Turkishness has been a gateway between Anatolia and the Caucasus, in other words, between the regions and civilizations, as well as the unifying bridge of Anatolian and Azerbaijani Turks. After the exile, this position expanded further, and it also assumed the role of the cultural carrier of Central Asia, Anatolia, and Azerbaijan. Today about 150 thousand Meskhetian Turks live in Kazakhstan, 100 thousand in Turkey, 100 thousand in Azerbaijan, 100 thousand in the Russian Federation, 50 thousand in Kyrgyzstan, 15 thousand in Uzbekistan, 10 thousand in the United States, 10 thousand live in Ukraine and 1,500 in Georgia. As they live in different countries, Meskhetian Turks are defined as a trans-national community. It is known that Meskhetian Turks have a rich cultural heritage. The modern type of schooling process of this community has an important historical background. In the presented article, the schools that operated before the Turks&#39; 1944 evacuation from the historical Meskhet-Javakheti region in south-west Georgia are investigated. At the end of the 19th century, the new type of credit schools gave education in the Turkish language and opened in the villages of the Turks inhabited by the Turks in the Akhaltsikhe District in the province of Tiflis in Tsarist Russia, is being studied. In this context, the activity history of the primary schools established in the villages of Atsquri and Okam in 1881, Khertvisi in 1885, Adigeni in 1895, Oshora, Tsnisi, and Varkhani in 1897, the content of education in these schools, the contributions of reformist teachers who lit the light of enlightenment in the Akhaltsikhe cultural region, information specific to students is presented. The study&#39;s subjective sources and materials are mainly related materials in the Central Historical Archives of the National Archive of Georgia in Tbilisi.

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