scholarly journals Specificity of Socio-Economic Processes in the Hungarian Microregion

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Katalin Kárász ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Roma Population ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Average Proportion

The Kunhegyesi District is the most disadvantaged district in the Northern Great Plain Region of Hungary. The aim of this study, which serves as a basis for a social comparative analysis of the District’s settlements in the future, is to understand the demographic processes. Population in the District has been steadily decreasing since 2011 besides lower income levels, poorer health indicators and a higher proportion of premature mortality. Two out of three children are disadvantaged, while the vast majority of young people drops out of secondary school without any qualification. The higherthan-average proportion of Roma population alone does not explain worsening economic output, economic performance has nothing to do with ethnic origin. Reasons are rather to be found in the deterioration of social mobility of the past two decades. Similarly to areas with a higher proportion of Roma population, the District also undergoes an exodus of nonRoma, resulting in ghettoization, thereby further diminishing chances of social mobility. Thanks to social inclusion and recovery programs, as well as the commitment of local Roma stakeholders, promising changes are coming true with an increase in qualification and employment levels and a decrease in the number of disadvantaged children, question is whether development is sustainable in the long run, and also, whether the District has a potential to independently selfsustain social development.

scholarly journals The Relative Importance of Health Care and Social Services for Population Health: A Time Series Investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Benjamin Yawney ◽  
Akhter Faroque
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Vector Error Correction Models

We study the relative importance of government health care and social services spending in the short, medium and long run across vector error correction models for six population health indicators. Each model takes into account the key time series properties of the health input and output data and also controls for the broader socio-economic, demographic, life-style and environmental determinants of health. The evidence shows that both types of spending contribute significantly to extending life expectancy and lowering mortality. However, the relative contributions of health care spending are bigger in the short run, while those of social services spending are bigger in the medium and the long run. Any policy of re-allocation of resources from health care to social services must take this trade-off into account.

The effect of information and communication technology on economic output

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Keshmeer Makun ◽  
Swastika Devi
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
Information And Communication

Purpose Information and communication technology (ICT) appears to play an indispensable task in influencing and directing the growth process of several developing countries. The spread of ICT in the South Pacific region including Fiji has facilitated faster and smother business in different sectors of the economy such as banking, education, transport and tourism. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to empirical literature and explore the effect of ICT on economic output, both in the short run and long run in the Fiji Islands. Design/methodology/approach The economic analysis was conducted using data from 1990 to 2016, improved framework of Solow (1956) and the autoregressive distributed-lag bounds approach to cointegration. Findings from the study and economic standpoint, the ICT is indeed important. The analysis shows an indication of long-run cointegration relationship among the variables for the two indicators of ICT. From the analysis, it is also observed that the two ICT indicators have a statistically significant and positive effect on output with coefficient ranging from 0.04 to 0.06. Research limitations/implications These results extend the ICT literature by providing support for it in case of a small developing island economy. The study highlights that while the two proxies of ICT are important for long term output growth, besides broad money and capital stock, the principal technology contributor is a mobile cellular subscription in Fiji Islands. Practical implications The policymakers need to work diligently to not only enhance ICT related infrastructure but also focus on better services and communication in different sectors of the economy. The efficient use of present technologies such as 3-G and 4-G is crucial and must be connected and made available to other smaller islands of Fiji. Originality/value The recent study has focused on the contribution of ICT on small island developing country, relative to large developing or developed countries. Furthermore, the author examined the contribution of two indicators of ICT using Solow (1956) augmented framework.

North and south: long-run social mobility in England and attitudes toward welfare

Cliometrica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Boberg-Fazlić ◽  
Paul Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Long Run ◽  
North And South

scholarly journals Urbanization and Child Health Outcomes in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 586-603
Author(s):  
Olufunmilayo Olayemi Jemiluyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Child Health

Against the rising trend of urbanization in Nigeria and the accompanying dramatic changes in the urbanization process, this study explores the health advantage of urbanization in Nigeria. The study specifically examines the relationship between various child health outcomes. Secondary data on neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortalities were used to measure child health outcomes. By obtaining cointegration among the collected data, the study investigates the long-run relationships between the degree of urbanization and the various child health outcomes using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares(FM-OLS) estimator. The results suggest the existence of positive relationships between urbanization and child health indicators. In particular, the results show that there exist child health advantages of urbanization, with urbanization having reducing impacts on the mortality indicators. Also, public health expenditure, literacy rate, and health aids are negatively correlated with measures of children mortality. In all the estimated models, the economic growth proxy by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has an insignificant effect on all the measures of child health outcomes. The result implies the need to pay attention to the urbanization process for an effective health plan.

scholarly journals From Ebony to Ivory

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Pussetti
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the impact of skin colour inequality in the individual aspirations and prospects of social inclusion and success, social mobility aspirations, professional ambitions and career opportunities. Ethnographically, it studies specific forms of cosmetic investments and self-optimisation in Portugal and its effects on the micropolitics of bodies, correlating the agency of individuals (how they empower themselves maximising certain aspects and minimising others) with the ways in which a European white appearance circulates as a form of capital and commodity, creating body narratives that are very much racialised. By inquiring the actual European understanding of value in bodies, we can also understand the colonial legacy and how it is reproduced through the mutation of bodies.

The state, race, and immigrant adaptation: A comparative analysis of the Korean diaspora in Japan and the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
Kazuko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Korean Immigrants ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Korean Diaspora ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Immigrant Adaptation ◽  
National Comparison

What accounts for varying forms of adaptation of immigrants to host countries? Despite their common ethnic origin, Korean immigrants demonstrate very different adaptation pa erns in Japan and the United States. By elucidating the importance of different national peculiarities in racial ideology, this article argues that Korean immigrants are racialized differently given different circumstances and structural conditions in these two countries. Employing a cross-national comparison focusing on a single ethnic group, this study shows that cultural and racial similarities between immigrants and the mainstream of the host society do not guarantee smooth assimilation. This article concludes that in the long run, differences in modes of incorporation are more relevant to immigrant adaptation than visible racial or cultural differences between the immigrants and the mainstream of the host society. Spanish ¿Cómo se explican las diversas formas de adaptación de inmigrantes en los países receptores? A pesar de su origen étnico común, los inmigrantes coreanos han mostrado patrones de adaptación muy diferentes en Japón y los Estados Unidos. Al mostrar la importancia de las diferentes peculiaridades nacionales en la ideología racial, este artículo argumenta que los inmigrantes coreanos son racializados diferencialmente de acuerdo a las distintas circunstancias y las condiciones estructurales en estos dos países. A través de una comparación transnacional centrada en un solo grupo étnico, este estudio muestra que las similitudes raciales y culturales entre los inmigrantes y la mayoría de la sociedad de acogida, no garantizan una fácil asimilación. En este artículo se concluye que, en el largo plazo, las diferencias en los modos de incorporación son más relevantes para la adaptación de los inmigrantes que las visibles diferencias raciales / culturales entre los inmigrantes y la generalidad de la sociedad receptora. French Comment expliquer les formes variables de l'adaptation des immigrants dans le pays hôte ? En dépit de leur origine ethnique commune, les immigrants coréens ont montré des modes d'adaptation très différents au Japon et aux Etats-Unis. En montrant l'importance de certaines particularités nationales pour l'idéologie raciale, cet article soutient que ces immigrants coréens sont racialement différenciés en fonction des situations et des conditions structurelles différentes dans ces deux pays. Par le biais d'une comparaison transnationale portant sur un seul groupe ethnique, ce e étude montre que les similarités culturelles et raciales entre les immigrants et la société-hôte traditionnelle ne sont pas les garantes d'une assimilation aisée. Cet article conclut que, sur le long-terme, les modes d'incorporation sont plus importants pour l'adaptation des immigrants que les différences raciales/culturelles visibles entre les immigrants et la société traditionnelle de l'Etat-hôte.

Transition to Democracy and the Belief in Social Inclusion (1985–1993)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee J. Alston ◽  
Marcus André Melo ◽  
Bernardo Mueller ◽  
Carlos Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Political Sector ◽  
The Military

This chapter discusses the factors, especially changing beliefs, that led to redemocratization and the subsequent institutional changes during the years 1985–1993. After the military government, the middle class demanded more inclusion in the political arena. To a certain extent, this happened with multiple parties, and only one claiming to be a right-wing party. Unexpectedly, the franchise was given to illiterates seemingly because the belief in social inclusion warranted it; the illiterates were not in the streets clamoring for the vote. The granting of the franchise to illiterates had few short-term, but many long-run, consequences. Moreover, the business sector was less open than the political sector, with the initial maintenance of import substitution programs. Business was still in the hands of elites with lots of regulations as well as ways to avoid regulations—for a price.

Early Childhood Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
State Of The Union ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Full Day

During his State of the Union address on February 12, 2013, US President Barack Obama referred to University of Chicago Professor James Heckman’s research and his finding of a 7–10% return on investment per annum for certain early childhood education programs. These rates of return are higher than those for equity in the stock market between 1945 and 2008. In 2013, the US Congress introduced a bill to expand access to high-quality, full-day preschool for 4-year-olds from low- to moderate-income families. Professor Heckman pointed out that early childhood educational policies such as this bill are socially fair and economically efficient. There is no trade-off between equity and efficiency. Early investment in the lives of disadvantaged children will help reduce inequality, in both the short and the long run, and promote prosperity.

The Health of the Poorest 50%

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social

This chapter focuses on the health of the poorest 50% of Americans. Pretax income for the poorest 50% of Americans has remained the same over the past 40 years, while their after-tax income has dropped as taxes have increased for this same group. Regressive taxation has deepened wealth gaps, virtually assuring a continuing cycle of low income earning. The national share of income owned by the richest 50% of Americans has grown commensurately during this period, and the health indicators have responded accordingly. The slope of the income–health relationship has grown even steeper since 2000; the health advantage that those with higher incomes have over those with lower incomes is greater than it has been in the past four or more decades. Why is this? Americans continue to invest less in the social resources that can mitigate the challenges that come with a lower income, even as they spend ever more on high-end medicine that is accessed principally by those who can afford it. Social institutions like education that traditionally have led to social mobility and better health have become increasingly the provenance of the well-off.

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