scholarly journals A herd immunity to measles and rubella viruses in the population of the Republic of Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
M. A. Bichurina ◽  
S. Filipovic-Vignjevic ◽  
A. Yu. Antipova ◽  
M. Bancevic ◽  
I. N. Lavrentieva
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Group I ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Republic

According to the WHO Strategic Plan, measles should be eradicated in 2020 in the five WHO Regions including European Region. However, large measles outbreaks are being periodically registered in diverse European countries. In the Republic of Serbia (SRB), 5,076 measles cases were detected in 2018, among which 15 cases were fatal.Aim of the study was to examine herd immunity to measles and rubella viruses in the population of the Republic of Serbia.Materials and methods. Blood serum samples obtained in 2018 and 2019 from conditionally healthy residents of the Republic of Serbia were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses in five age groups: I — children from 2 to 6 years old, II — children from 8 to 14 years old, III — 15 to 24 years old, IV — 25 to 49 years old and V — over 50 years old. A total of 1000 samples were obtained, 200 sera in each group. Enzygnost® Anti-Measles virus/IgG and Enzygnost® Anti-Rubella virus/IgG ELISA test systems (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Germany) were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.Results. Overall, around 23.0% and 33.7% of the surveyed persons had no or low level of anti-measles IgG antibody (≥ 275.0 — ≤ 1000.0 IU/1). In age group I, 60% children contained no or “low” anti-measles antibodies titer (29.5% and 30.5%, respectively). In addition, low antibody titer level was mainly detected in individuals from age group II and III (p < 0.05). A third of children under 8—14 contained high IgG-antibodies titer against measles (> 3000.0 IU/l) that might serve as an evidence that such subjects recently recovered after measles. Similar results were obtained for IgG antibodies to rubella in the same age groups.Discussion. The study results evidence about altered routine immunization against measles and rubella in children aged 12—15 months (first vaccination) and those at age of 6—7 years (revaccination) with MMR vaccine. The data obtained correlate with official data on coverage with measles and rubella vaccines in the Republic of Serbia.

scholarly journals A survey of examining herd measles immunity in adults over 35 years old

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Rubis
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Protective Level ◽  
Protective Antibody ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Infectious

A high measles incidence rate has been registered in Russia in recent years, with adults being actively involved in the epidemic process (about 40% of patients), thereby underlying relevance of assessing herd immunity in different  age groups to measure its risk. The data on examining serum antibodies to measles virus in 402 residents of Petrozavodsk are shown: 164 and 238 subjects were born in 1948–1968 (51–71 years) and 1970–1983 (36–50 years), respectively. It was found that the second group had significantly higher percentage not only of seropositive persons (94.1±1.5 vs. 77.4±3.3%, respectively), but also frequency of detected high IgG level (5 and more IU/l) reaching 39.7±3.5 vs. 15.4±5.8%, respectively. Analysis of vaccination history showed that of 351 people with protective antibody levels, 20.9% were vaccinated once or twice, 14 of them in childhood and 63 within the 15 years prior to the study. Of the 51 people with no measles antibodies or below protective level, 13.7% were vaccinated: five in childhood, and two within the last 15 years. Among those who was born in 1948–1968, 87.1±2.2% provided no information about previous vaccinations and probably were not vaccinated. In this group, percentage of those examined with a protective antibody level was significantly higher than in the 36–50 years group — 87.1±2.2 and 62.2±4.3%, respectively. In addition, 23 subjects confirmed that they recovered after measles in childhood. Of these, antibodies were detected in 21 subjects, including 9 having serum titer at level of 5 or more IU/ml. Until 1969, the Republic of Karelia registered a high level of measles morbidity (477–2176,0 per 100 thousand). The predominance in the group born before 1969, individuals seropositive to measles mainly at high titer, indicates that intense post-infectious immunity was preserved. The lack of protective level of antibodies to measles virus in 22.6% of persons aged 36–50 years (1969–1983 year of birth), due to the low level of post-infectious and insufficient durability of post-vaccination immunity allowing to definer them as a high risk group for measles infection.

scholarly journals Detection of measles cases in the Republic of Guinea in 2017–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-574
Author(s):  
I. N. Lavrentieva ◽  
M. A. Bichurina ◽  
A. Y. Antipova ◽  
J. Camara ◽  
N.F. Magassouba
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Level ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Republic

In 2017, WHO reported 596 confirmed measles cases in Guinea Republic connected to the 2016–2017 epidemic outbreak that was stopped after additional immunization (SIA) against measles in two provinces of the country. Improving the effectiveness of SIA is associated with the identification of epidemiologically significant groups of the population. The aim of the study was to analyze 2017–2018 measles cases and assess population immunity to measles virus in the Republic of Guinea. Materials and methods. A total of 810 blood serum samples collected from patients with maculo-papular rash and clinical diagnosis “measles?” were tested for measles virus-specific IgM-and IgG antibody level. 445 sera of conditionally healthy individuals aged 7 months to 67 years were examined for anti-measles virus IgG antibody level. Immunoglobulins of classes M and G were detected by ELISA with test systems «Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgM)» (Euro immun, Germany) and «Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgG)» (Euroimmun, Germany). Results and discussion.In 2017–2018, the epidemic process of the measles in the Republic of Guinea proceeded very intensively, being markedly prevalent in children among age groups. In 2018, more than half of the cases (61.6%) were identified in children aged 1 to 5 years old; the second most abundant age group was children under one year (18.6%), probably due to violated measles vaccination, which in GR are subject to children of nine months of age. It was found that 16.4% of patients (60 out of 366) had documented data on measles vaccination. Potentially, high proportion of measles cases among pre-vaccinated subjects was due to insufficient immune response to a single immunization in children of 9 months of age. Moreover, lowered vaccine-related properties might also be violated “cold chain” during vaccine transportation occurring in tropical climate. Analyzing 445 subjects revealed that total number of measles virus seronegative subjects was 8.3%. However, the vast majority of them were children and young adults aged 7 months to 22 years, where 52.4% of seronegative subjects were identified. Thus, the data obtained indicate that intensive measles virus circulation in human population was continued that necessitate interventions for improving epidemiological surveillance, extend routine measles vaccination coverage and conduct SIAs against measles in GR.

Prevalence of Antibodies Associated with Herd Immunity: A New Indicator to Evaluate the Establishment of Herd Immunity and to Decide Immunization Strategies

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Serological Result

Objective. To develop a method to estimate the critical prevalence of antibodies associated with herd immunity (pc) and to assess the establishment of herd immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and pertussis in Catalonia (Spain) using this method. Methods. The herd immunity is established when the prevalence of antibodies (positive serological results) is higher than pc = Ic Se/PV, where Ic is the prevalence of protected individuals necessary to block the transmission of an infection in the population, Se is the sensitivity of the serological test, and PV is the predictive value of a positive serological result. The establishment of herd immunity was assessed comparing the age-group specific pc with the prevalence of antibodies (p) observed in Catalonia in 2002 in schoolchildren (6—9 years) and individuals aged 14 to 29 years and 45 to 54 years. Results. The herd immunity was not established (p < pc) against measles, mumps, and varicella in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, against measles in individuals aged 15 to 24 years, and against pertussis in all age groups. Based on these results, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine should be given to schoolchildren and individuals aged 15 to 24 years, the varicella vaccine to schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP/dTaP) vaccine to all age groups in order to establish the necessary herd immunity in the population. Conclusion. Serological surveys and the critical prevalence of antibodies can be used to assess the establishment of herd immunity for vaccine-preventable diseases in different population groups, indicating to which of them immunization activities should be prioritized.

scholarly journals Detection of infection by rubella and cytomegalovirus among women exposed to abortion in Ninavah province

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Mahmood Nafi Mahmood1 ◽  
Adeeba Younis Shareef2
Keyword(s):  
Infected Patient ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
High Level ◽  
Common Infection ◽  
Positive Results

The study aims to correlate infection with rubella, cytomegalovirus and abortion at different age groups. Blood samples were collected through the period between beginning of February to the end of September 2017, one hundred and twenty-seven women exposed to abortion and thirty apparently health controls. Serum samples were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies for rubella and cytomegalovirus. The results showed that CMV was the most common infection with high level of IgM antibodies (15.7%) and IgG (12.5%), only 0.7% of the cases gave positive results for rubella IgM, and 6.2% had rubella IgG while the control group only 6.6% had CMV IgM, and 3.3% had CMV IgG antibody. All the age groups did not show infection with rubella except age 25-31 years as 2.1% and 8.5% had IgM and IgG respectively. The highest rate of infection with CMV was at age group 25-31 years (21.2%) then age group 18-24 years (13.7%). Most of the patients experienced two abortions were reported at age group 25-31 years, 1.5% and 4.7% of CMV infected patient experienced 3 and 2 respectively while 1.5% of rubella infected patients had only one abortion, 18.1% of the patients with CMV experienced 2 abortions had cut off >1.25. Hundred % of the patients with rubella had cut off value of > 1.25 experienced one abortions.   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.008  

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in hospitalized patients at a tertiary referral center in North India (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Animesh Ray ◽  
Dr. Komal Singh ◽  
Souvick Chattopadhyay ◽  
Farha Mehdi ◽  
Dr. Gaurav Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
North India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is an important tool to estimate the true extent of infection in a population. However, seroprevalence studies have been scarce in South East Asia including India, which, as of now, carries the third largest burden of confirmed cases in the world. The present study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody among hospitalized patients at one of the largest government hospital in India OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among patients admitted to the Medicine ward and ICU METHODS This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India, recruited consecutive patients who were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR or CB-NAAT. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels targeting recombinant spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS CoV-2 were estimated in serum sample by the ELISA method RESULTS A total of 212 hospitalized patients were recruited in the study with mean age (±SD) of 41.2 (±15.4) years and 55% male population. Positive serology against SARS CoV-2 was detected in 19.8%patients(95% CI 14.7-25.8). Residency in Delhi conferred a higher frequency of seropositivity 26.5% (95% CI 19.3-34.7) as compared to that of other states 8% (95% CI 3.0-16.4) with p-value 0.001. No particular age groups or socio-economic strata showed a higher proportion of seropositivity CONCLUSIONS Around, one-fifth of hospitalized patients, who were not diagnosed with COVID-19 before, demonstrated seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2. While there was no significant difference in the different age groups and socio-economic classes; residence in Delhi was associated with increased risk (relative risk of 3.62, 95% CI 1.59-8.21)

scholarly journals Assessment of intraocular pressure in chinchillas of different age groups using rebound tonometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1466-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flor Diana Yokoay Claros Chacaltana ◽  
João Antonio Tadeu Pigatto ◽  
Ione Terezinha Denardin
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Rebound Tonometer ◽  
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy ◽  
Group I ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) of normal chinchilla eyes using the rebound tonometer. A further aim was to assess whether there were differences in the values of intraocular pressure in relation to animals age, gender and time of day. Thirty-six chinchillas were divided into three groups of 12 chinchillas each, by age: Group I (2-6-month-old), Group II (20 and 34 months) and Group III (37 and 135 months). Ophthalmic examination was performed previously by Schirmer tear test, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein test in all chinchillas. Three measurements of intraocular pressure were assessed on the same day (7, 12 and 19h). Tonometry was performed on both eyes using the rebound tonometer after calibration in "p" mode. Statistical analysis was performed with SigmaPlot for Windows. The mean IOP for groups I, II and III were 2.47±0.581mmHg, 2.47±0.581mmHg and 2.51±0.531mmHg, respectively. No significant differences were reported between age and IOP and no significant differences were reported between the time of day and IOP. The IOP in chinchillas did not differ significantly between genders or ages of the animals, and did not change with time of day.

scholarly journals Pattern of resilient age-related measles immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
A. G. Sonis ◽  
O. A. Gusyakova ◽  
F. N. Gilmiyarova ◽  
A. A. Ereshchenko ◽  
N. K. Ignatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Igg Level

Epidemiological situation describing global measles spread is ambiguous. Along with countries succeeded in measles eradication, there are those wherein measles rate remains at quite high level. Because measles is a vaccine-preventable infection, it may then be eradicated solely by ensuring sufficient population coverage with preventive vaccination. The aim of our study was to assess level of measles immunity in medical workers at the Clinics of Samara State Medical University as well as the Samara State Medical University. There were enrolled 1503 subjects (aged 18–79 years), among which all individuals under 55 (77.58%) but not older counterparts provided with medical record on previous measles vaccination or measles infection. Level of serum measles virus-specific IgG antibodies was measured by using ELISA (VektoKor-IgG, JSC Vector-Best, Novosibirsk), with mean concentration ranging in general population within 1.02±0.02 IU/ ml. Positive results were observed in 72.52% of the examined individuals. Average vs. high measles virus-specific IgG level was detected in 52.90% (mean age — 41.4±0.5 years) and 19.62% (mean age — 54.2±0.72 years) of individuals, whereas at level below threshold — in 27.48% of subjects (mean age — 33.25±0.53 years). Thus, in 34.16% of the surveyed vaccinated individuals mostly presented by young subjects contained anti-measles virus-specific antibodies below protective level. Older age groups were shown to increase in average IgG amount with age. Interestingly, age-related measles immunity pattern was observed: percentage of subjects with high vs. low measles virus-specific IgG level increases and decreases, respectively. Taking into consideration a large percentage of subjects previously vaccinated against measles among carriers of low measles immunity, it may be concluded that measles virus-specific IgG antibody level must be monitored in young adulthood to decide of whether subsequent revaccination is necessary.

scholarly journals Video-Based Communication and its Association with Loneliness, Mental Health and Quality of Life among Older People during the COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Bonsaksen ◽  
Hilde Thygesen ◽  
Janni Leung ◽  
Mary C. Ruffolo ◽  
Mariyana Schoultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Older People ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Study Results

The aim of the study was to examine the use of video-based communication and its association with loneliness, mental health and quality of life in older adults (60-69 years versus 70+ years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Norway, UK, USA and Australia during April/May 2020, and 836 participants in the relevant age groups were included in the analysis. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between use of video-based communication tools and loneliness, mental health and quality of life within age groups, while adjusting by sociodemographic variables. Video-based communication tools were found to be more often used among participants aged 60-69 years (60.1%), compared to participants aged 70 or above (51.8%, p &lt; 0.05). Adjusting for all variables, use of video-based communication was associated with less loneliness (&beta; = -0.12, p &lt; 0.01) and higher quality of life (&beta; = 0.14, p &lt; 0.01) among participants aged 60-69 years, while no associations occurred for participants in the oldest age group. The use of video-based communication tools was therefore associated with favorable psychological outcomes among participants in their sixties, but not among participants in the oldest age group. The study results support the notion that age may influence the association between use of video-based communication tools and psychological outcomes amongst older people.

scholarly journals Application of a fast and cost-effective ‘three-in-one’ MMR ELISA as a tool for surveying anti-MMR humoral immunity: the Hungarian experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Böröcz ◽  
Z. Csizmadia ◽  
Á. Markovics ◽  
N. Farkas ◽  
J. Najbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Automated Platform

Abstract In Hungary, between February 2017 and July 2019, 70 confirmed measles cases were reported, raising questions about the adequacy of population-level immunity. Although the assumed vaccination coverage is ≥99%, in a recent study, we detected potential gaps in the anti-measles humoral immunity. In Hungary, according to a decree by the Ministry of Public Welfare, beginning from 2021, the healthcare provider should conduct a serosurvey of anti-measles protection levels of healthcare professionals. To facilitate the compliance with this requirement, we developed a quick ‘three-in-one’ or ‘triple’ MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) indirect ELISA (IgG); an assay format that is currently not available commercially. High throughput applicability of the ‘three-in-one’ ELISA was verified using 1736 sera from routine laboratory residual samples, using an automated platform (Siemens BEP 2000 Advance). Assay verification was performed by comparing the full antigen repertoire-based ‘target’ assay with in-house ‘control’ assays using recombinant viral antigen coatings, and by validated commercially available kits. Indirect immunofluorescence was used as an independent reference method. Data were analysed using OriginLab, IBM SPSS, RStudio and MedCalc. In case of measles, we combined our current results with previously published data (Ntotal measles = 3523). Evaluation of anti-mumps and anti-rubella humoral antibody levels was based on the measurement of 1736 samples. The lowest anti-measles seropositivity (79.3%) was detected in sera of individuals vaccinated between 1978 and 1987. Considering the antigen-specific seropositivity ratios of all samples measured, anti-measles, -mumps and -rubella IgG antibody titres were adequate in 89.84%, 91.82% and 92.28%, respectively. Based on the virus-specific herd immunity threshold (HIT) values (HITMeasles = 92–95%, HITMumps = 75–86%, HITRubella = 83–86), it can be stated that regarding anti-measles immunity, certain age clusters of the population may have inadequate levels of humoral immunity. Despite the potential gaps in herd immunity, the use of MMR vaccine remains an effective and low-cost approach for the prevention of measles, mumps and rubella infections.

Bordetella Pertussis Antibody Levels in DPT/Pentavalent Immunized Preschool Nigerian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 011-015
Author(s):  
Glory Ekpo Bassey ◽  
Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem ◽  
Henry Chima Okpara ◽  
Komomo Ibor Eyong
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nigerian Children ◽  
Antibody Levels

AbstractPertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease and antibodies formed are known to decline with time. The aim of this study was to measure Bordetella pertussis/toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in different age groups of Nigerian children and determine the age at which booster dose may be required. A total of 422 children, aged 6 to 60 months, were tested for the presence of B. pertussis/toxin IgG antibodies by ELISA (enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay). The highest positivity rate was in the 6 to 11 months of age group, while the highest negativity rate was in the age group of 24 to 35 months. We conclude that B. Pertussis/toxin IgG antibodies response is weak in Nigerian children after three doses of DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus)/pentavalent vaccination, and there is a rapid decline of antibody levels between 12 and 35 months. We recommend that booster vaccination should be given at 12 to 15 months of age.

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