scholarly journals O DESGASTE DE ASPERSORES POR EFLUENTE LÍQUIDO DA INDÚSTRIA CÍTRICA

Irriga ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Dirceu Brasil Vieira ◽  
José Gilberto Dalfré Filho

    O DESGASTE DE ASPERSORES POR EFLUENTE LÍQUIDO DA INDÚSTRIA CÍTRICA  Dirceu Brasil VieiraProfessor Titular do Departamento de Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas, SP CEP 13970-000- e.mail: [email protected]é Gilberto Dalfré FilhoBolsista de Iniciação Científica da FAPESP- Aluno do Curso de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP  1 RESUMO           O tratamento de efluentes industriais no solo é uma técnica alternativa e de baixo custo, contribuindo, quando bem manejada, para a solução de locação desses efluentes pela indústria, podendo ainda  ser utilizada na agricultura, como é o caso da aplicação da vinhaça na lavoura canavieira. O sistema de irrigação por aspersão é utilizado com freqüência para a aplicação de efluentes industriais líquidos no solo, dada sua capacidade de distribui-lo de forma homogênea sobre a superfície, facilitando o processo de absorção pelo próprio solo. O efluente da indústria de sucos cítricos é líquido provindo tanto do processo industrial propriamente dito, como das operações de lavagem de frutas e de equipamentos. O tratamento desse líquido, feito pelas técnicas convencionais, lagoa aeróbica e tanques de sedimentação, além de custo elevado, exige uma estrutura de instalação e de operação de grande porte. Assim, sua aplicação no solo tem sido econômica e eficiente, levando muitas indústrias a optarem por esta metodologia. O efluente da indústria de sucos cítricos é dividido em dois tipos denominados água amarela e água preta. A chamada água preta é o maior problema tanto para a condução, quanto para a sua aplicação, pois é corrosiva e tem temperatura elevada, o que tem causado sérios problemas a instalações de aspersão convencional empregadas com o fim de aplicação desse resíduo. Neste trabalho estudou-se o desgaste provocado pela água preta em três tipos de aspersores  em uma bancada de teste especialmente montada, sendo os mesmos pesados antes do início de cada teste, e após 25, 50, 100 e 200 horas de funcionamento. Mediante a comparação do peso inicial com os obtidos após os tempos citados, concluiu-se pela maior resistência do modelo A232. Paralelamente, verificou-se também o efeito do líquido no rotor da bomba da bancada de teste. UNITERMOS: Aspersor, irrigação, tratamento de águas residuárias.  VIEIRA, D.B., DALFRÉ FILHO, G. THE SPRINKLER’S WEAR BY WASTEWATER FROM ORANGE JUICE INDUSTRY.  2 ABSTRACT In the soil, wastewater is an alternative techinique of low costs, and if it is appropriately handled, contributes to the solution of leasing this industry effluent; also can helps in the agriculture, as  the vinasse application in the farming. The irrigation  sprinkler system is often used  to the application of wastwater in the soil, because your capacity of allot homogeneous forms in the surface, facilitating the own soil absorbtion process. The industry effluent of “orange juice” is a liquid resulted from both industrial process, strictly speaking of washing operation of fruits and washing operation of equipments.The treatament of this liquid made through conventional methods,  aerobic pond and bettling tanks, besides of high costs, requires a big structure of installation and large operation. so the soil application, turns econimic and efficient, and many industries have opted to this method. This trade effluent is divided in two kinds nominated yellow water and black water. the black water is the biggest problem, as to the conduction as to the application, because it is corrosive and it has high temperature. it has caused serious problems in the installation of conventional sprinklers used in this application. In this work we have studied the stress caused by black water in three kinds of sprinklers. in the tests, units were installed  and each of them were heavy before the beginning of the tests and after 25, 50, 100 e 200 working hours. At the same time , we checked the effect of the liquid in the impeller of the test unit. KEYWORDS: Sprinkler, irrigation, wastewater. 

Author(s):  
G. Senthil Kumar ◽  
T. Ramesh ◽  
K. Subrahmaniyan ◽  
V. Ravi

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu during Summer, 2013 and 2014 to study the response of blackgram varieties to different levels of irrigation through applied sprinkler system. Four levels of irrigation I1 - 50 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation, I2 - 75 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation, I3 - 100 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation and I4 - Surface irrigation in main plot and three blackgram varieties viz., ADT 5, PBG 4 and VBN BG 6 were evaluated in split plot design with three replications. Sprinkler irrigation at 100% pan evaporation in variety ADT 5 gave significantly better growth and yield attributes and higher grain yield of 1217 kg/ha which was at par with surface irrigation method in ADT 5 variety (1184 kg/ha). Surface irrigation method utilized higher amount of irrigation water of 428.1 mm and 413.6 mm, whereas, sprinkler irrigation at 100% pan evaporation utilized minimum amount of irrigation water of 329.2 mm and 308.7 mm during summer 2013 and 2014, respectively. Water saving under sprinkler irrigation at 100% pan evaporation was 23.1% and 25.4% as compared to surface irrigation method during summer 2013 and 2014, respectively.


Author(s):  
K.V. Ramana Rao ◽  
Suchi Gangwar ◽  
Arpna Bajpai ◽  
Ravish Keshri ◽  
Lavesh Chourasia ◽  
...  

The field experiment was conducted at Precision Farming Development Centre, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal on influence of different irrigation methods in three continuous years (2010-2013) on the performance pea crop. Conventional flood irrigation, micro sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were adopted as three treatments and with seven replications in each treatment in the study. Pea (Arkel variety) crop was sown at a spacing of 45 X 10 cm. During the period of experiment flood irrigation were applied on weekly basis and micro irrigation and drip irrigation systems were operated every third day to meet the crop water requirement. The total quantity of water applied in flood, drip irrigation and micro sprinkler systems were 387.5, 244.7 and 273.5 mm respectively. Maximum crop yield was observed under micro sprinkler system (98.60 q/ha) followed by drip and conventional irrigation system. Saving of water was found better under drip irrigation over micro sprinkler irrigation system.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Jadson Freire Silva ◽  
Pedro Santos Ferreira ◽  
Viviane Pedroso Gomes ◽  
Elisabeth Regina Alves Cavalcanti Silva ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio

O Brasil mantém a segunda maior produção de abacaxi do mundo, movimentando bilhões e empregando milhares de pessoas anualmente. Contudo, a abacaxicultura no Nordeste ainda é insipiente, destacando-se principalmente nos estados da Paraíba e Bahia. As características morfológicas da planta apresentam resistência ao clima semiárido, podendo ser produzida nessas áreas sem grandes restrições. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo mapear a potencialidade, do ponto de vista geoclimático, à produção do abacaxi na microrregião de Araripina, a partir de aspectos físico-naturais e de uso de solo, procurando adequar a cultura do abacaxi à baixa oferta hídrica da região semiárida, de modo a otimizar o uso da água na região. Para tanto uma carta de potencialidade geoclimática foi gerada por meio do cruzamento de informações das cartas de geomorfologia, pedologia, índices pluviométricos anuais e uso e ocupação do solo, também sendo estimada a evapotranspiração da cultura do abacaxi e a necessidade hídrica da cultura na região. Os resultados indicaram que a microrregião de Araripina possui a predominância do grau de potencialidade à abacaxicultura das classes de “muito alta” a “alta”. Sendo a área cultivada na microrregião de aproximadamente 20ha de abacaxi, há uma demanda anual de 343.373m³ num sistema de irrigação por aspersão e de 286.512m³ de água num sistema de microaspersão para suprir as deficiências hídricas dessa cultura. Portanto, a irrigação e o manejo adequado do solo são atributos necessários para o desenvolvimento viável e competitivo da cultura no semiárido.  ABSTRACTBrazil maintains a second world's largest pineapple production, moving billion and employing thousands of people annually. However, the pineapple culture on Northeast is still and incipient, highlighting especially on Paraiba and Bahia states. Morphological characteristics as the plant exhibit resistance at the semi-arid climate and can be produced in these areas no major restricted. Thus, this study aims to map a potentiality, the geoclimatic viewpoint, to pineapple production in the micro region of Araripina, from the physical and natural aspects and land use, looking suit pineapple crop at low water supply semiarid in the region, a mode to optimize the water use in the Region. For both letter geoclimatic potential was generated through information from the letters of crossing geomorphology, soil conditions, rainfall and annual use and land use, also was estimated pineapple crop evapotranspiration and water requirement of the crop in the region. The results indicated that the micro region of Araripina has the predominance of the degree of potential for pineapple culture of class ";very high"; to” high ";. Being cultivated in the micro area of approximately 20ha pineapple, there is an annual demand 343.373m³ a sprinkler irrigation system and 286.512m³ of water in micro sprinkler system to meet the water deficit that culture. Therefore, irrigation and good stewardship of soil properties are required for viable and competitive development of the crop in the semiarid.Keywords: fruit culture, evapotranspiration, irrigation methods, water use efficiency. 


Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tomoyoshi Tamagi ◽  
Miguel Angel Uribe Opazo ◽  
Jerry Adriani Johann ◽  
Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas

UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NÃO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS  JORGE TOMOYOSHI TAMAGI1; MIGUEL ANGEL URIBE-OPAZO2; JERRY ADRIANI JOHANN2 E MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS2 1 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola – PGEAGRI. Rua Universitária, 2069 – Jd. Universitário – Caixa Postal 711 – CEP 85819-110 – Cascavel – PR, e-mail: [email protected] UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel – PR, professores e pesquisadores do PGEAGRI, e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].  1 RESUMO Este trabalho tem como finalidade contribuir para o desenvolvimento de técnicas adequadas para avaliação de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão, considerando que a uniformidade de distribuição da água afeta diretamente a lâmina bruta de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na região Norte de Cascavel, Paraná, (24º 55’ 04” latitude Sul, 53º 28’ 31” longitude Oeste e altitude de 785 m). Foram utilizadas duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, denominadas S1 e S2, modificando-se somente a altura dos aspersores de 1,5 m para 1,0 m, respectivamente. Em cada parcela foram instalados 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensante e, após 32 ensaios, foram substituídos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, não compensante. Foram determinados os seguintes coeficientes: Uniformidade de Christiansen, Uniformidade de Distribuição e Uniformidade Estatístico. Foram realizados estudos de inferência estatística e criadas cartas de controle para a análise do controle estatístico do processo, além dos índices de capacidade de processo (Cp) e desempenho do processo (Cpk). Os resultados mostraram que o aspersor compensante apresentou melhor desempenho à altura de 1,5 m (C-1,5 m) e que, entre as alturas de 1,0 m e 1,5 m, as melhores uniformidades de distribuição de água ocorreram na altura de 1,5 m. Palavras-chave: inferência estatística; cartas de controle; capacidade de processo.  TAMAGI, J. T.; URIBE-OPAZO, M. A.; JOHANN J. A.; VILAS BOAS, M. A. IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY BY COMPENSATING AND NON-COMPENSATING SPRINKLERS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS  2 ABSTRACT The uniformity of water application is an important factor to be considered in the assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems, since it directly affects gross irrigation depth, This work is a contribution for the development of appropriate techniques for assessment of results to improve the system. This trial was conducted  in the Northern region of Cascavel-PR (24º 55' 04" S, 53º 28' 31" W). Two 10 x 10 m plots were used and described as S1 and S2, according to the heights’ change of sprinklers, from 1.5 to 1.0 m, respectively. There were 100 collectors in each plot, plus 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers, and, after 32 essays, they were replaced by 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers. The following coefficients were determined: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (SUC). Statistical inference studies were carried out and control charts were generated to analyze the statistical control of the process, as well as Cp and Cpk indices. The results showed the best performance with the pressure compensating sprinklers irrigation at 1.5 m high (C-1.5 m) and that among the 1.0 m and 1.5 m heights the best water distribution uniformity was with the 1.5 m height. Keywords: Statistical analysis; Control Charts; Process Capacity.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
José Maximiano Candido Neto ◽  
Wagner André dos Santos Conceição ◽  
Paulo Roberto Paraíso ◽  
Luiz Mario De Matos Jorge

<p>The process simulators are increasingly used in the activities of design and analysis of industry operations. Recently, several commercial simulators have been developed, including HYSYS, which was initially developed for applications related to petrochemicals, but with modifications can be used to simulate the operating conditions of other areas such as the food industry. The evaporation of orange juice is a processing step that aims to concentrate the separation of water by heating the mixture, with high energy consumption. Therefore, processes modeling and simulation using simulators such as HYSYS becomes very attractive due to the possibility of studies in the plant without the need of experimentation, since the process being modeled it is possible to obtain fast and reliable information. The results of this study showed that hypothetical orange juice modeled in HYSYS through the sucrose solution in water represented well and the real juice obtaining a deviation less than 10% for the property thermal conductivity. The model of falling film evaporator for concentrating orange juice built in HYSYS by the association of the heat exchanger and flash separator vessel proved to be fairly consistent through the simulations with the experimental data of the process which indicates great potential for use as analysis tool, simulation and optimization of the concentration of orange juice in industrial evaporators.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i1.43</p>


Author(s):  
Kasa MekonenTiku ◽  
Pratap Singh

The study was carried out to study on identification of performance gaps for improvement of center pivot sprinkler system in the Tigray region of Northwest Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify center pivot sprinkler irrigation system gaps and suggest remedial measures for improvement of the center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. The methods used for gap Identification were observation, Interview, measurement, and using design document. Center pivot sprinkler gaps identification study revealed that Excess runoff due to leaky boots and higher application depth, absence of regular checkup for emitting devices, and improper scheduling were dominant gaps and Making functional an Automatic control system, regular checkup and maintenance of emitting accessories and proper scheduling could minimize the identified problems and finally the irrigation efficiency would be amended.


HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1060E-1060
Author(s):  
Curtis E Swift ◽  
Ardith Blessinger

Seven and one-half square miles, or 4864 acres, of the Grand Valley in Western Colorado consists of high water-using landscapes. Overirrigation of Grand Valley soils flushes 580,000 tons of salt into the Colorado River each year. These salts negatively impact plant and animal health throughout the Colorado River basin. Proper watering of lawns can significantly reduce this problem. Correcting problems with a sprinkler irrigation system can reduce water use by an average of 40%. If water use on all 4864 acres was reduced by 40%, a savings of 11,187 acre feet, or over 3.6 billion gallons, of water would result. The annual historical evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the Grand Valley of Western is ≈61 inches; the ET rate during the irrigation season (April through October) is ≈49 inches. Since a typical sprinkler system is ≈70% efficient, in order to apply 49 inches of water to the soil, ≈70 inches of water is required. Irrigation system problems such as improperly spaced heads, sunken heads and heads not adjusted are typically responsible for 40% more water being applied than necessary. In Western Colorado, this equates to an over-application of 28 inches (2.3 acre feet) of water being applied each year. The 2005 Western Colorado irrigation audit problem covering 18.7 acres of turf. Assuming the problems noted were all corrected, a water savings of 43 acre feet, or 14,013,797 gallons, of water resulted. The 2006 audit program will continue this educational and water-saving effort. A grant from the Department of the Interior-Bureau of Reclamation will help fund the 2006 Irrigation Audit project.


1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Blackwell ◽  
WS Meyer ◽  
RCG Smith

A line-source sprinkler irrigation system was used to study rice growth under irrigation on a free-draining soil in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales. Ponded rice was grown on the same soil for comparison. Seven levels of sprinkler water application were examined, ranging from 26 to128% of Class 'A' pan evaporation. Apparent efficiency of water use ranged from 3.4 kg of grain/mm for the highest yielding sprinkler treatment to 1.85 kg of grain/mm for the highest yielding ponded treatment. Excellent weed control was achieved by herbicides applied through a sprinkler system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17464-17476
Author(s):  
Mduduzi Innocent Shongwe ◽  
◽  
N Tsabedze ◽  

The adoption of objective irrigation scheduling approaches in the sugarcane industry has been very slow leading to over-irrigation, low water use efficiency, and consequently, low returns. With the widespread use of subjective scheduling, there is also a perception that there are no significant benefits derived from objective scheduling. A study was, therefore, conducted in Eswatini to determine the performance of irrigation systems that were using subjective irrigation scheduling. More specifically, the objective of the study was to determine the irrigation adequacy fora sugarcane crop that was under two overhead systems viz. centre pivot and sprinkler irrigation. Adequacy was determined in terms of relative irrigation supply (RIS) for the 2015/16 season. The CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to estimate crop demand in terms of net irrigation requirement, whilst the amount of water applied during the period was the supply. Seasonal RIS results indicated that the area under the centre pivot was slightly over-irrigated (RIS= 1.13), whilst irrigation in the area under the sprinkler system was found to be adequate (RIS= 0.94). MonthlyRIS values, however, revealed that the crop was over-irrigated most of the time. The crop under the centre pivot was over-irrigated for the months of January, June, July, September, November, and December as indicated by the RIS values of 1.17, 1.33, 1.20, 1.77, 3.35, and 15.09, respectively. Over-irrigation under the sprinkler system was observed in June, July, September, October, and November where the RIS was 1.36, 2.19, 2.91, 1.77, and 1.67, respectively. In both irrigation systems, over-irrigation was experienced at the germination and establishment phases of development. In contrast, all of the months with acceptable RIS values were found to be within the grand growth phase. It was, therefore, concluded that the scheduling approach used in the area was biased towards the grand growth phase. Hence, it was recommended that the irrigation schedule be modified to accommodate each of the different phases of sugarcane development.


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