Drainage Water Salt Load Variations Related to the Salinity and Leaching Ratios of Irrigation Water

ABSTRACT Cowpea is broadly cultivated worldwide, especially in semi-arid or arid regions where soil or irrigation water salt contents can negatively influence the species’ productive capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological responses of cowpea genotypes to irrigation water salinity. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, under a completely randomized design with nine replications and in a 5x3 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - EC (EC0: 0.55; EC1: 1.60; EC2: 3.20; EC3: 4.80 and EC4: 6.40 dS m-1), applied from the 15th day after sowing (DAS), and three cowpea genotypes (G1: BRS Imponente; G2: MNC04-795F-168 and G3: MNC04-795F-159). EC increases at 35 DAS promoted stem diameter reductions of 8.0% (G1), 11.4% (G2), and 7.7% (G3), indicating different resistance to salinity by each genotype. Leaf area reductions at 25 and 38 DAS were 30.9% and 38.8% for EC0 and EC4, respectively. The BRS Imponente cultivar presented a performance superior to those of G2 and G3 in relation to stem diameter and stem dry matter at 25 DAS, and root-shoot and root-leaf ratios at 38 DAS.

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The Impact of Water Loss by Evaporation and Calcite Precipitation on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and an Alternative Method of Estimating the SAR of Irrigation Drainage Water

10.20944/preprints202010.0187.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qiyu Zhou ◽

William Bleam ◽

Douglas Soldat

Keyword(s):

Hazard Assessment ◽

Water Loss ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽

Calcite Precipitation ◽

Water Composition ◽

Soluble Calcium ◽

Irrigation Drainage ◽

The Impact

Soil water loss by evaporation influences the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation drainage water. Evaporation concentrates sodium and magnesium but calcite precipitation has a more complicated effect on soluble calcium and alkalinity. Here we propose a revised sodicity hazard assessment that quantifies the impact of evaporative water loss and calcite precipitation on drainage water SAR. This paper shows sodicity hazard is determined by the initial composition of irrigation water as originally suggested by previous researchers, and provide a simple, accurate way to identify the potential sodicity hazard of any irrigation water. In particular, the initial equivalent concentration of alkalinity and calcium determine the salinization pathway followed during evaporation. If the irrigation water alkalinity exceeds soluble calcium expressed as equivalent concentrations, drainage water SAR approaches an upper limit determined by the initial relative concentration of sodium and magnesium. If irrigation water alkalinity is less than soluble calcium, drainage water SAR approaches a lower limit determined by the initial calcium, magnesium and sodium. In both cases the SAR is scaled by the square root of the concentration factor √Fc quantifying soil water loss. To assess the impact of evaporation and calcite precipitation on the SAR and test the accuracy of the new sodicity hazard assessment, we evaluated data from previously published lysimeter studies. We plotted water composition boundaries for each source water, comparing these boundaries to the drainage water composition recorded in the lysimeter studies. As salinity increased by evaporation, each drainage water followed a distinct salinization path.

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New technique for preparing and reusing agricultural drainage water safely in irrigation

Limnological Review ◽

10.2478/limre-2020-0013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 123-133

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Ashour ◽

Tawab E. Aly ◽

Ahmed E. Hasan

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Negative Impact ◽

National Level ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Agricultural Drainage ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Agricultural Drainage Water ◽

Severe Shortage ◽

Great Harm

AbstractNot so long ago, due to the great shortage of irrigation water, Egypt on the national level, began to mix (in a certain percentage) raw agricultural drainage water with fresh irrigation water. This mix was for enhancing its quality to be compatible with the proper specifications and standards of irrigation water, for using it safely in the irrigation process, to compensate for the severe shortage of available quantities of irrigation water. In some regions, and local farms, to save their crops farmers were forced to use the drainage water available in the nearby area drains for irrigation due to the problem of insufficient water in the distributary canals. Such use of raw drainage water can cause great harm and has a negative impact on the environment generally, especially on aquatic and agricultural life. Therefore, in this study we aim to introduce an efficient, simple, cheap mobile treatment unit. This new introduced treatment unit can be used locally on farms to solve the problem of insufficient quantities of irrigation water, and also in some cases where the irrigation water, for various reasons, does not reach the ends of some irrigation canals thus causing a serious problem for farmers. The new introduced treatment unit, using some environmentally friendly cheap materials in certain tested quantities and doses, through three designed cylindrical filtration containers connected with each other respectively, succeeded in converting raw contaminated drainage agricultural water into safe water that can be safely and directly used in the irrigation process.

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Effect of Drainage Water Reuse on Supplementary Irrigation and Drainage Reduction

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12697 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 1619-1626

Author(s):

Pingjin Jiao ◽

Yingduo Yu ◽

Di Xu

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Balance Model ◽

Irrigation Water Requirement ◽

Irrigation Rate ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Drainage Water Reuse

Drainage water reuse has the potential to supplement irrigation, reduce drainage, and alleviate the area source pollution caused by agricultural drainage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of influencing factors of drainage water reuse on supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. To evaluate the effects, a water balance model was constructed to describe the irrigation water requirement and drainage water storage of a pond. The irrigation water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation and the crop coefficient method while considering field leakage and effective rainfall; the drainage water volume was calculated using the improved Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model. The model was applied to the rice planting area in the Zhanghe Reservoir Irrigation District. Simulation results show that the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates are primarily affected by the ratio of irrigation to drainage areas (RID), the pond volume ratio (PV), and the initial storage ratio (PSi); interactions among the three parameters are also observed. The RID, PV, and PSi contribute approximately 4:3:1 to the average variations in the supplementary irrigation rate. The supplementary irrigation rate increases with the values of PV and PSi but decreases with the increases of RID. For the drainage reduction rate variation, the average contribution percentages of PV and RID are 70% and 10%, respectively. Increasing PV and RID or reducing PSi enhances the drainage reduction rate. Adjusting the combination of parameters PV and RID can simultaneously maximize the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. Keywords: Drainage reduction, Drainage water reuse, Pond, Supplementary irrigation, Water balance model.

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Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Maize (Zea may L.) Emergence, Growth, Yield, Quality, and Soil Salt

Water ◽

10.3390/w11102095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2095 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Li ◽

Chen ◽

Jin ◽

Wang ◽

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Area Index ◽

Soil Salt ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Water Salt ◽

Mulched Drip Irrigation

Freshwater shortage is becoming one of the major limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas of north China. A two-year field experiment about mulched drip irrigation on maize was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District with five irrigation water salinity levels (total dissolved solids; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g·L−1). The effects of irrigation water salinity on maize emergence, growth, yield, grain quality, and soil salt were determined. The results indicated that with the soil matric potential of -20 kPa and irrigation quota for each application of 22.5 mm, the irrigation water salinity showed negative influence on maize emergence and maize morphological characteristics (plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter, and dry matter), as irrigation water salt concentrations exceeded 3 g·L−1. The water use efficiency decreased linearly with the irrigation water salinity raised from 1 g·L−1 to 5 g·L−1, while maize grain protein increased and starch content decreased with the increase of irrigation water salt contents. Additionally, both the vertical radius and horizontal radius of salt isoline by mulched drip irrigation reduced with the irrigation water salt concentrations, when the irrigation water salinity was above 3 g·L−1. Summarily, irrigation water salinity of 3 g·L−1 was recommended for maize mulched drip irrigation in this study.

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Respond of Plant Growth and Soil Water-Salt to Different Irrigation Amounts in Little Thickness Aeration Zone in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3872 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 3872-3876 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao Jun Jin ◽

Jing Long Fan ◽

Bo Xu ◽

Bing Wen Li ◽

Xin Wen Xu

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Taklimakan Desert ◽

Water Condition ◽

Sustainable Water Supply ◽

Water Salt

In order to clarify the influence of saline water irrigation to plant growth and distribution ofsoil water-salt, and providing theoretical basis for sustainable water supply of ecological constructionin desert area, the data of soil water-salt and plant growth was observed at Tarim Desert HighwayShelter-forest Ecological Project No. 17 well. The law of soil water and salt spatial distribution wasanalyzed, and the responses of plant growth to 4 different irrigation amounts were studied by singleelement variance analysis. The results were as follows: the soil water content reaches or is close tosaturation in layer of 100~120cm under the 420mm irrigation water condition; The soil water contentreaches or is close to saturation in layer of 160~180cm under the 233.1mm irrigation water condition;The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of 180~200cm under the 285.6mm irrigation water condition; The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of160~180cm under the 201.6mm irrigation water condition. The vertical distribution law of soilssalinity is that the soil salt can enter groundwater after 3 days of irrigation, and be gathered in 0~30cmsoil layer. There were no significant differences except the Tamarix plant height in plant growthindexes among 4 different irrigation quantities treatments.

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Irrigation of the cultivated area with groundwater from vertical drainage wells

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126401015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 264 ◽

pp. 01015

Author(s):

Zulfiya Mirkhasilova ◽

Мurat Yakubov ◽

Lyudmila Irmuhamedova

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

Salt Balance ◽

Irrigation Period ◽

Vertical Drainage ◽

Water Salt ◽

Drainage Wells ◽

The Republic ◽

Drainage Waters

In recent years, there has been a shortage of water resources in the basins of the Amu Darya and Syrdarya rivers, which is the result of the development of new lands for irrigation and the inappropriate use of water and land resources. A side effect of irrigation and land reclamation is the increasing flow of collector-drainage waters every year, which leads to a deterioration in the land reclamation state and pollution of water resources, which can lead to the ecological disaster of land and water resources. Currently, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, from the total volume of water resources of the Amu Darya and Syrdarya rivers, up to 68% is used for irrigation. Of this volume on the Republic territory, about 12% of collector-drainage waters of deteriorated quality are formed. With a shortage of water resources, they are used for irrigation. But irrigation with saline waters can lead to a deterioration in the land reclamation state. In this regard, new irrigation technologies are proposed, which can save both irrigation water and it is advisable to use underground pumped water for irrigation. Field experiments were carried out in the farm "Khozhilkhon-hozhi" in the farm named after A. Niyazov, Kuva district, Fergana region. A feature of the soil conditions in this farm is the small thickness of the covered fine earth, underlain by highly permeable gravel, strong and increased water permeability, with a deep groundwater level (GWL> 3 m). Large water losses are observed during irrigation. The calculation task was to determine how many hectares of land can be irrigated from one vertical drainage well, taking into account the irrigation time, inter-irrigation period, etc. The water-salt balance of the reclaimed lands for 2017-2019 was compiled. The water-salt balance showed that water supply and filtration from canals and atmospheric precipitation play the main role in the inlet part. In the consumable part, the main place is occupied by evapotranspiration and drainage flow. In general, a negative balance is formed on the territory annually by the type of a small salt carryover within 2.85 t / ha. On the territory of the farm and the experimental plot, cotton of the S-6524 variety was sown, the flow rate of the well is 30 l / s, the furrow consumption is 0.5 l / s. The composition of hypothetical salts in the pumped-out waters is calculated After the first irrigation of our field, the pumped-out water is diverted to the neighboring fields, while the first inter-irrigation period is 20 days. In the interval of these 20 days until the second irrigation of the cotton of the original field, it is possible to irrigate the same fields 5 hectares 8 times, in total 40 hectares of land. The experiments showed that irrigation with pumped water from vertical drainage wells did not have a negative impact on the yield of cotton. And the use of the recommended irrigation technology will reduce the shortage of irrigation water and improve the ecological situation of water resources.

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Irrigation Water Quality Evaluation of Al-Mendasah Groundwater and Drainage Water, Al-Madenah Al-Monawarah Region, Saudi Arabia*

International Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3923/ijss.2010.282.300 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 282-300

Author(s):

Omar A. Al-Harb ◽

G. Hussain ◽

O. Lafouza

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Evaluation

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Nil Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Balıklarında Yapılan İnsektisit Toksisitesi Çalışmaları

10.48086/asd0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Aysel Çağlan Günal

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Aquatic Ecosystems ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Unit Area ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

Abstract Insecticides constitute one of the most important groups of pesticides used in agriculture to get more products per unit area and to combat various pests. Pesticides can be absorbed from the soil by mixing with rainwater, drainage water, runoff and irrigation water and can contaminate aquatic ecosystems. This situation affects all non-target organisms in the water units, mainly fish. In this study, studies investigating the toxic effects of insecticides on Nile tilapia fish were reviewed in the open literature. Keywords: Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Insecticide, Pesticide

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