scholarly journals Study of Energy Flow on Apple Gardens in West Azerbaijan Province

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdollah HASANZADEH GORTTAPEH
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Government Organization ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
West Azerbaijan

Study of energy flow in ecosystem, especially in ecosystems that which are directly managed by human, is of great importance, because energy is flow of an ecosystem. Human could increase the efficiency of energy in agricultural products by applying management.In this survey the flow of energy in apple gardens of West Azerbaijan province ecosystem was calculated by using the statistics and information derived from agriculture (government) organization and providing of questionnaire from gardens of the province in 2009.Data's related to input and output are transferred to the rates equivalent to energy consumed and produced and then average energy was calculated (rate of output to input).The rate of applied energy is 11018330Kcal/ha and rate of produced energy is 10700 Kcal/ha, also rate of energy efficiency is 0.97. The result of this survey showed that main part of energy used in this product respectively consists of irrigation, chemical fertilizer and insecticide respectively. We Could decrease energy efficiency by using drip irrigation systems, manure, insecticide, and pesticides considering to notice reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and so pace toward sustainable agriculture and decreased environmental pollution.

PUBLIC SUPPORT TO AGRICULTURAL ENERGY RESOURCES AS A MEASURE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PROCESSES PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Konstantin Igorevich Alekseev ◽  
Andrey Nikolaevich Osipov ◽  
B.O. Hashir ◽  
Elena Nikolaevna Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Energy Resources

Analysis of Energy Efficiency in China with a Slack-Based Directional Distance Function Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1241-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xiang Liu ◽  
Jing Luo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Distance Function ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Directional Distance Function ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Energy Conversation

It is crucial to improve China’s energy efficiency in the context of energy conversation and environmental regulation. This paper approaches the measurement of Chinese regional energy efficiency based on slack-based directional distance function from a production theoretic perspective. The results show that there exists inequality among different regions in China and the east area have the best average energy efficiency for the period 2000-2009, followed by the central area. Based on these findings, this paper correspondingly proposes some policies to improve energy efficiency in China.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks - A Review

2012 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Smriti Joshi ◽  
Anant Kr. Jayswal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Load Balance ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wsn Lifetime

Energy efficiency is the kernel issue in the designing of wireless sensor network(WSN) MAC protocols. Energy efficiency is a major consideration while designing wireless sensor network nodes. Most sensor network applications require energy autonomy for the complete lifetime of the node, which may span up to several years. These energy constraints require that the system be built such that Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. Each component consumes minimum possible power, ensure the average successful transmission rate, decrease the data packet average waiting time, and reduce the average energy consumption. Influencing by the design principles of traditional layered protocol stack, current MAC protocol designing for wireless sensor networks (WSN) seldom takes load balance into consideration, which greatly restricts WSN lifetime. As a novel Forwarding Election-based MAC protocol, is presented to prolong WSN lifetime by means of improving energy efficiency and enhancing load balance.

scholarly journals Mapping of Domestic Hot Water Circulation Losses in Buildings – Preliminary Results from 134 Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 12009
Author(s):  
Stephen Burke ◽  
Jonatan von Seth ◽  
Tomas Ekström ◽  
Christoffer Maljanovski ◽  
Magnus Wiktorsson
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Water Circulation System ◽  
Heated Floor

The hot water circulation system in a building is a system which helps prevent Legionella problems whilst ensuring that tenants have access to hot water quickly. Poorly designed or implemented systems not only increase the risk to people’s health and thermal comfort, but even result in an increase in the energy needed for this system to function properly. Results from previous studies showed that the total hot water circulation system loss can be as high as 25 kWh/m2 heated floor area per year. The purpose of this project is to measure the total energy use per year of the hot water circulation system in about 200 multifamily dwellings of different ages to verify that a system loss of 4 kWh/m2, year is a realistic assumption for both newer and older/retrofitted buildings. The preliminary results from the first 134 measurements showed that the assumption of 4 kWh/m2, year is rarely fulfilled. An average energy use of more than three times this is more common, even in newer buildings. Whilst some of the total energy lost is used to heat the buildings, it is not desirable because it is an uncontrolled energy flow.

scholarly journals CONE: A Connected Dominating Set-Based Flooding Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Lisiecki ◽  
Peilin Zhang ◽  
Oliver Theel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Dominating Set ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Connected Dominating Set ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Dominating Sets ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Network Flooding

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant role in a large number of applications, e.g., healthcare and industry. A WSN typically consists of a large number of sensor nodes which rely on limited power sources in many applications. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of WSNs becomes a crucial topic in the research community. As a fundamental service in WSNs, network flooding offers the advantages that information can be distributed fast and reliably throughout an entire network. However, network flooding suffers from low energy efficiency due to the large number of redundant transmissions in the network. In this work, we exploit connected dominating sets (CDS) to enhance the energy efficiency of network flooding by reducing the number of transmissions. For this purpose, we propose a connected dominating set-based flooding protocol (CONE). CONE inhibits nodes that are not in the CDS from rebroadcasting packets during the flooding process. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of CONE in both simulations and a real-world testbed, and then we compare CONE to a baseline protocol. Experimental results show that CONE improves the end-to-end reliability and reduces the duty cycle of network flooding in the simulations. Additionally, CONE reduces the average energy consumption in the FlockLab testbed by 15%.

scholarly journals A Data Transmission Strategy with Energy Minimization Based on Optimal Stopping Theory in Mobile Cloud Computing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xin Zheng ◽  
Yu Nan ◽  
Fangsu Wang ◽  
Ruiqing Song ◽  
Gang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Optimal Stopping ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Mobile Cloud Computing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Mobile Cloud ◽  
Mobile Terminals ◽  
Optimal Stopping Theory

Considering the widespread use of mobile devices and the increased performance requirements of mobile users, shifting the complex computing and storage requirements of mobile terminals to the cloud is an effective way to solve the limitation of mobile terminals, which has led to the rapid development of mobile cloud computing. How to reduce and balance the energy consumption of mobile terminals and clouds in data transmission, as well as improve energy efficiency and user experience, is one of the problems that green cloud computing needs to solve. This paper focuses on energy optimization in the data transmission process of mobile cloud computing. Considering that the data generation rate is variable, because of the instability of the wireless connection, combined with the transmission delay requirement, a strategy based on the optimal stopping theory to minimize the average transmission energy of the unit data is proposed. By constructing a data transmission queue model with multiple applications, an admission rule that is superior to the top candidates is proposed by using secretary problem of selecting candidates with the lowest average absolute ranking. Then, it is proved that the rule has the best candidate. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed optimization strategy has lower average energy per unit of data, higher energy efficiency, and better average scheduling period.

Analysis and Optimization of Material Flow and Energy Flow in the Coking-Steel Co-Production System

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1980-1988
Author(s):  
Hong Fu Li ◽  
Shuo Yun Liu ◽  
Li Hua Zhao ◽  
Hao Bai ◽  
Da Qiang Cang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production System ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Coal Resources ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Coking Industry

In this paper, material and energy flow in the coking process were analyzed and thus the possibility of resource and energy efficiency increase was pointed out. Considering the unreasonable structure of coking industry currently, a novel model of coking-steel co-production system was built and its advantages were analyzed in the respects of the use of coal gas, waste heat and coal resources. The results show that the coking-steel co-production system has the more obvious advantages than the traditional coking process.

Overview of Energy Consumption Model for Manufacturing Processes

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 2288-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Bing Li ◽  
Hong Chao Zhang ◽  
Qing Di Ke ◽  
Li Ding ◽  
Lei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption Model ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Collection Methods

The energy consumption for manufacturing processes is the largest impact contributor in various characterization categories, based on the assessment of environmental effects during the whole life cycle. It is necessary to investigate the manufacturing processes in depth to find out mechanism that can improve energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive overview on two important aspects of energy consumption models for manufacturing processes: 1) two data collection methods: top-down and bottom-up; 2) two process-based analytical methods: thermodynamic model (including energy flow analysis and exergy analysis), and mechanical model. These models can improve energy efficiency.

Holistic Energy Mapping Methodology for Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Lim ◽  
Kayvan Pazouki ◽  
Alan J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

There are increasing concerns and regulations regarding the emission of pollutants from shipping. Therefore, regulations such as the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) have been made mandatory to cope with climate change concerns. To put these efforts into practice, the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) was introduced in 2009 to account for the fuel consumption, distance travelled by the vessel and cargo mass. However, it is stated that these do not apply to ships that are not engaged in transport work such as research vessels and tugboats. These short sea shipping vessels have been neglected under current indexes and it is not possible for their properties to be quantified since current indices are for vessels carrying loads. The numbers of these specialised vessels are increasing in local waters, and are closer to coastal communities where concerns and impact from these pollutants would be more direct. In the IMO greenhouse gas study, options for improving energy efficiency in terms of design includes the concept, design speed and capability, hull and superstructure, power and propulsion whilst the principle of energy efficiency in terms of operation includes fleet management, logistics and incentives, voyage optimisation and energy management. A reliable energy flow breakdown architecture and diagnostics for these smaller vessels is important and will contribute to an understanding of the energy production, distribution and consumption on-board. This feeds into the IMO plan to encourage energy management. A systematic approach consisting of five distinct stages is recommended to accomplish a holistic approach for energy efficiency management. This includes understanding of energy flow breakdown architecture, vessel survey to understand operation and conduct, review existing sensors and new sensor installation, sensor communication and data processing, and finally data analysis. These stages are addressed in this paper to provide an overall understanding of a robust energy efficiency audit procedure and sensor matrix. This includes unifying the existing on-board sensors with the proposed new sensors for additional data collection where primary parameters are not readily available. Inferred secondary parameter calculations are also applied where direct data collection is not possible. This will allow information from the vessel to be transmitted to a common platform to enable detailed data analysis. The aim of this work is to improve energy management and monitoring, which leads to understanding and managing consumption of energy. A case study of this methodology has been carried out on the Princess Royal, a Newcastle University research vessel. Recommendations for further testing and optimisation of this methodology will be applied to tugboats and Offshore Supply Vessels (OSV).

Mechanism and Models for Collisional Energy Transfer in Highly Excited Large Polyatomic Molecules

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
Collisional Energy ◽  
Collisional Energy Transfer ◽  
Recombination Reactions

Collisional energy transfer in highly excited molecules (say, 200-500 kJ mol-1 above the zero-point energy of reactant, or of product, for a recombination reaction) is reviewed. An understanding of this energy transfer is important in predicting and interpreting the pressure dependence of gas-phase rate coefficients for unimolecular and recombination reactions. For many years it was thought that this pressure dependence could be calculated from a single energy-transfer quantity, such as the average energy transferred per collision. However, the discovery of 'supercollisions' (a small but significant fraction of collisions which transfer abnormally large amounts of energy) means that this simplistic approach needs some revision. The 'ordinary' (non-super) component of the distribution function for collisional energy transfer can be quantified either by empirical models (e.g., an exponential-down functional form) or by models with a physical basis, such as biased random walk (applicable to monatomic or diatomic collision partners) or ergodic (for polyatomic collision partners) treatments. The latter two models enable approximate expressions for the average energy transfer to be estimated from readily available molecular parameters. Rotational energy transfer, important for finding the pressure dependence for recombination reactions, can for these purposes usually be taken as transferring sufficient energy so that the explicit functional form is not required to predict the pressure dependence. The mechanism of 'ordinary' energy transfer seems to be dominated by low-frequency modes of the substrate, whereby there is sufficient time during a vibrational period for significant energy flow between the collision partners. Supercollisions may involve sudden energy flow as an outer atom of the substrate is squashed between the substrate and the bath gas, and then is moved away from the interaction by large-amplitude motion such as a ring vibration or a rotation; improved experimental and theoretical understanding of this phenomenon is seen as an important area for future development.

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