scholarly journals Interaction of cultivar and irrigation on mixtures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 12488
Author(s):  
Chrysanthi PANKOU ◽  
Anastasios LITHOURGIDIS ◽  
Christos DORDAS
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Different Response

Intercropping is the simultaneous cultivation of two or more crops species in the same space for a considerable proportion of the growth period. Intercropping has several advantages and is used in both traditional and sustainable agriculture. The objective of the present study was to study the interactions among different pea and wheat cultivars and the effect of water availability on wheat-pea mixtures and the competition between the two species. The experiment was conducted for two successive growing seasons using two different irrigation regimes and two cultivars from each species. The different treatments were evaluated using morphological and agronomic characteristics. Intercropping treatment, cultivars, and irrigation level affected most of the characteristics that were studied and the competition between the two species. Biomass was higher by 47% and leaf area index by 34% under irrigation compared to the rainfed conditions. The different cultivars showed different response under the two water regimes. Based on the intercropping indices, the mixture ‘Yecora E’ - ‘Isard’ is favoured under irrigation while the combination ‘Elissavet’ - ‘Isard’ under low water availability. There was interaction between cultivars and irrigation and using different cultivars in intercropping can have higher yield advantage than monocropping by exploiting the environmental resources more efficiently. Therefore, the use of appropriate cultivars in mixtures can affect the growth, biomass yield and competition between the two species leading to higher yield and greater economic return.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation on Intercropping Systems of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Chrysanthi Pankou ◽  
Anastasios Lithourgidis ◽  
Christos Dordas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
High Adaptation

Intercropping is an old and commonly used agricultural practice and involves the cultivation of two or more crops in the same area of land at the same time and may improve yield, the use of the environmental resources, product quality, and soil health. The objective of the present study was to study the effect of water availability of wheat-pea intercrops using agronomic and physiological characteristics. The experiment was conducted at the farm of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece during two growing seasons 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 using two different cultivars from pea (Isard and Olympos) and wheat (Yecora E and Elissavet) and two irrigation regimes. The availability of water increased grain yield and affected most of the characteristics that were studied. In terms of total Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) there was a yield advantage of intercrops over monocrops, which indicates the efficiency of intercropping for using the environmental resources. Both wheat cultivars, the pea cultivar Olympos and their intercrops indicated high adaptation capacity to rainfed conditions, whereas Isard and its intercrops performed better under irrigation. Therefore, the intercropping of wheat with pea uses the water resources of the environment more efficiently and can be used in dry land conditions for higher yield.

scholarly journals Hydroponic rocket salad growth and production according to different color profiles

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Denise Schmidt ◽  
Vilson J Gabriel ◽  
Braulio O Caron ◽  
Velci Q Souza ◽  
Ricardo Boscaini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Autumn And Winter

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different profile colors based on nutrient flux on microclimate, growth and yield of four rocket cultivars. The experiment was conducted during four months in a protected environment in the NLT system, which consisted of benches composed of eight hydroponic profiles for the plants conduction. The treatments were arranged in a 4x2x2 factorial design, with four cultivars (Cultivada, Folha Larga, Rococo and Runway), two color profiles (black and white) and two growing seasons (autumn and winter). The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. The evaluations were realized on every four days, throughout the growth period. Leaves fresh and dry mass, stems and roots, plant height, leaf number and leaf area index were evaluated. The different color profiles resulted in variations on crop growth and production due to the thermal changes within the hydroponic profile. The greatest growth and increased productivity were obtained from plants cultivated in white growing channels during the autumn. The cultivars Cultivada, Folha Larga and Rococo have similar performance, better than ‘Runway’.

scholarly journals The effect of water shortage on pea (Pisum sativum L.) productivity in relation to the pod position on the stem

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra ◽  
Tadeusz Zając ◽  
Barbara Skowera ◽  
Norbert Styrc
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The literature contains few studies on the effect of temporary soil drought on the development and productivity of pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.) pods in relation to their position in the fruiting part of the stem. The aim of this study was to evaluate pod productivity of various pea cultivars in relation to varied weather conditions. Differences in precipitation during two growing seasons resulted in a decrease in yield of 0.62 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in a dry year in comparison to a year with better water availability. <em>Pisum sativum</em> ‘Tarchalska’ proved to be the most stable in terms of the number of pods produced, whilst ‘Prophet’ was the least. Weather conditions and cultivars were the determinants of pod production. Pea pods were distinguished by their position on the productive node. Larger and more productive pods were found on the lowest four productive nodes (which had a longer period of nutrient accumulation) resulting in higher seed mass. Productivity increased in the year with favorable weather conditions, as more of the upper nodes were reproductive. The first four nodes produced 45–91% of the yield. The number of seeds in the first three nodes was significantly cultivar-dependent, whereas the number of seeds in pods at all nodes was determined by weather conditions. Significantly more seeds were formed from each node in the wetter year. <em>Pisum sativum</em> ‘Audit’ was not sensitive to weather conditions, producing the same yield in the both years of the study.

Impact of water availability on winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield characteristics

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Klupács ◽  
Á. Tarnawa ◽  
I. Balla ◽  
M. Jolánkai
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Yield Quality

Water supply of crop plants is the most essential physiological condition influencing quality and quantity performance of grain yield. In a 12-year experimental series of winter wheat agronomic trials run at the Nagygombos experimental site (Hungary) the effect of water availability has been studied. The location represents the typical average lowland conditions of the country, the annual precipitation of the experimental site belonging to the 550–600 mm belt of the Northern edges of the Great Hungarian Plain, while the average depth of groundwater varies between 2 to 3 metres. Crop years with various precipitation patterns have had different impacts on crop yield quality and quantity. Yield figures were in positive correlation with annual precipitation in general. Water availability had diverse influence on quality manifestation. Good water supply has often resulted in poorer grain quality, especially wet gluten and Hagberg values have been affected by that. Drought reduced the amount of yield in general, but contributed to a better quality manifestation in some of the crop years.

scholarly journals Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Dongping Shen ◽  
Ruizhi Xie ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Facilitation Effects of Haloxylon salicornicum Shrubs on Associated Understory Annuals, and a Modified “Stress-Gradient” Hypothesis for Droughty Times

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1726
Author(s):  
Nasr H. Gomaa ◽  
Ahmad K. Hegazy ◽  
Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Haloxylon Salicornicum

Perennial shrub-annual plant interactions play key roles in desert regions influencing the structure and dynamics of plant communities there. In the present study, carried out in northwestern Saudi Arabia, we examined the effect of Haloxylon salicornicum shrubs on their associated understory annual species across four consecutive growing seasons, along with a record of the seasonal rainfall patterns. We measured density and species richness of all the annual species in permanent quadrats located beneath individual shrubs, as well as in the spaces between shrubs. During wet growing season H. salicornicum shrubs significantly enhanced the density and species richness of sub-canopy species, whereas in the relatively dry seasons they exerted negative effects on the associated species. In all growing seasons, the presence of shrubs was associated with enhanced soil properties, including increased organic carbon content, silt + clay, and levels of nutrients (N, P and K). Shrubs improved soil moisture content beneath their canopies in the wet growing season, while in the dry seasons they had negative effects on water availability. Differences in effects of H. salicornicum on understory plants between growing seasons seem due to the temporal changes in the impact of shrubs on water availability. Our results suggest the facilitative effects of shrubs on sub-canopy annuals in arid ecosystems may switch to negative effects with increasing drought stress. We discuss the study in light of recent refinements of the well-known “stress-gradient hypothesis”.

scholarly journals Modification and Validation of Priestley–Taylor Model for Estimating Cotton Evapotranspiration under Plastic Mulch Condition

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipin Ai ◽  
Yonghui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Taylor Model ◽  
Taylor Coefficient ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Modified Model ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Evapotranspiration Estimation

Abstract Compared with more comprehensive physical algorithms such as the Penman–Monteith model, the Priestley–Taylor model is widely used in estimating evapotranspiration for its robust ability to capture evapotranspiration and simplicity of use. The key point in successfully using the Priestley–Taylor model is to find a proper Priestley–Taylor coefficient, which is variable under different environmental conditions. Based on evapotranspiration partition and plant physiological limitation, this study developed a new model for estimating the Priestley–Taylor coefficient incorporating the effects of three easily obtainable parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), air temperature, and mulch fraction. Meanwhile, the effects of plastic film on the estimation of net radiation and soil heat flux were fully considered. The reliability of the modified Priestley–Taylor model was testified using observed cotton evapotranspiration from eddy covariance in two growing seasons, with high coefficients of determination of 0.86 and 0.81 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Then, the modified model was further validated by estimating cotton evapotranspiration under three fractions of mulch cover: 0%, 60%, and 100%. The estimated values agreed well with the measured values via water balance analysis. It can be found that seasonal variation of the modified Priestley–Taylor coefficient showed a more reasonable pattern compared with the original coefficient of 1.26. Sensitivity analysis showed that the modified Priestley–Taylor coefficient was more sensitive to LAI than to air temperature. Overall, the modified model has much higher accuracy and could be used for evapotranspiration estimation under plastic mulch condition.

Comparison of pre-treatments for inducing germination in highly dormant wheat genotypes

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Matus-Cádiz ◽  
P. Hucl
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Pre Treatment

An effective dormancy-breaking method may be of interest to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders selecting for increased seed dormancy prior to advancing their populations in greenhouse grow-outs. The objective of this study was to identify an effective pre-treatment for breaking dormancy in wheat that did not result in seedling etiolation. In 2000, eight dormant (W98616, line 211, EMDR-4, EMDR-9, EMDR-14, RL4137, Columbus, and AC Domain) and one nondormant line (Roblin) were grown at two locations in Saskatchewan. Seeds were: (i) stored for zero to 21 wks at 24°C before incubating at 20°C for 7 d; (ii) incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C for 14 d; and (iii) treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.0006 and 0.0014 M), potassium nitrate (KNO3) (0.01 and 0.02 M), chilling, heating, chilling with 0.01 M KNO3, and heating with 0.01 M KNO3 before incubating at 10°C for 14 d. Seedling growth was observed in a duplicated growth chamber experiment. Seedling length, first inter-node length, and biomass yield data were collected from plants grown from seeds treated with four effective pretreatments. Data were subjected to an ANOVA. Six to 18 weeks of storage at 24°C were required to break the dormancy (≥ 95% germination) in dormant genotypes. Incubation at 10°C was the most effective temperature for promoting germination in dormant seeds after 10d of testing. Four pre-treatments including 0.0006 M GA3, 0.0014 M GA3, chilling with 0.01 M KNO3, and heating with 0.01 M KNO3 led to ≥ 95% germination within 10 d of testing. Only GA3 treatments were associated with etiolated seedling growth. Heating with 0.01 M KNO3 or chilling with 0.01 M KNO3, applied before incubating at 10°C in darkness, may be of interest to breeders selecting for increased dormancy before advancing breeding populations in greenhouse grow-outs. Key words: Triticum, dormancy, nitrate, chilling, heating, etiolated seedling

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