scholarly journals Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 10939
Author(s):  
Gladys C. EZEH ◽  
Nkeiruka E. UDEH ◽  
Christian A. OZIOKO ◽  
Samuel O. ONOJA ◽  
Raphael E. EZE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Hura Crepitans

This study investigated the toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on albino rats. The up-and-down method at a dose limit of 2000 mg/kg was used in the oral acute toxicity test. Twenty-four (24) albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (A –D, n = 6). Group A (control) received distilled water, while groups B-D received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. The rats were dosed once daily for 21 consecutive days and weighed weekly. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment on day 21, the rats were fasted overnight and blood was collected into EDTA and plain bottles for hematological evaluation and serum preparation respectively. A manual method was used to determine the full blood cell count, while Randox kit was used to estimate the serum markers of liver and kidney functions. The extract was tolerated by the rat; the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. At 21 days of treatment, the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) treated groups had 27.53, 25.98 and 25.33% weight gain respectively, while the distilled water treated group had 8.38% weight gain. The extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.05) the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and red cell count, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but increased the total white blood cell in the treated groups when compared with the control group. This study suggests that methanol extract of Hura crepitans has hepatoprotective activity, promotes weight gain and could precipitate anemia when taken for a long period.

scholarly journals Effects of Methanol Seed Extract of Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) on Wistar Rats with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Induced Hemolytic Anemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damilola A. Omoboyowa ◽  
Agha O. Aja ◽  
Florence Eluu ◽  
Kerian C. Ngobidi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Group I ◽  
Wbc Count

The prevalence of parasitic infections such as malaria, which leads to decrease in hematological indices, the major cause of anemia, constitutes a serious health challenge in many developing countries such as Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of methanol seed extract of Aframomum melegueta on selected hematological indices of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)-induced anemic rats model. The toxicity study and qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract were carried out using standard procedure. Twenty Wistar rats were grouped into five of four rats each (n = 4). Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer (Standard drug); Group IV and V were administered 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of the extract, respectively. The animals of Groups II to V were induced with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (20 mg/kg b.w.) once daily for seven consecutive days; their blood samples were collected by ocular puncture into heparinized capillary tubes for hematological analysis and animals with packed cell volume (PCV) ≥ 30% reduction were considered anemic for the study. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the methanol extract tested positive to alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Acute toxicity and lethality studies on methanol extract showed an oral LD50 equal or less than 5000 mg/kg b.w. in mice. The rats administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in PCV, hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and neutrophils count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 200 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher PCV and WBC count; non significant (P > 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin count, RBC, platelet, neutrophils and lymphocyte count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 400 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in hemoglobin, platelet, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and neutrophils count; non significant (P > 0.05) lower PCV, RBC, WBC count, and lymphocyte count compared with anemic rats administered with 0.3 ml of normal saline. It can be concluded that Aframomum melegueta seed has beneficial immunological and hematological properties in Wistar rats and possessed erythropoietic potentials at minimal dose that support its use for treating anemia.

scholarly journals Toxicological implications of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis on wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusayo Aderonke Shorinwa ◽  
Barizonmdu Monsi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Background The unopened buds of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis is used in the treatment of anaemia and skin diseases in traditional medicine. Hence, this study aims to scientifically evaluate the effects of oral administration of the fruit extract of Harungana madagascariensis on haematological, biochemical and histological parameters in Wistar rats. Methods Phytochemical screening of the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis was carried out. Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke’s method. Sub-acute toxicity studies were done using 24 rats of both sexes which were randomized into four groups of six rats each. Animals in groups A, B, C were administered with the extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively while group D animals were given distilled water (5 mg/kg) and served as the control group. All administrations were done through the oral route for 30 consecutive days. Body weights of the animals were taken weekly during the study. The animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia and blood samples collected for evaluation of haematological (red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cell) and biochemical (alanine transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and total protein) parameters. Histological examination was conducted on the liver and kidney of the animals. Results Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroidal nucleus, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and tannins. Acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the RBC, HB, PCV and WBC of the extract treated groups when compared to the control group. There was however, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the creatinine level of the 500 mg/kg extract –treated group and the control. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in other biochemical parameters of the extract treated groups and the control group except for a marginal increase in the total protein in the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract (60 g/L) compared with control (54.80 g/L). Histopathological examination showed alterations in the morphology of the liver and kidney in extract treated groups as compared to the control groups. Conclusion The findings have revealed that the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis should be used with caution especially during prolonged usage as the histology showed it has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potentials. Further studies will be done to establish the effects of the extract on white blood cells.

scholarly journals Response of broiler chickens fed diets containing loofah gourd Luffa cylindrical (M.J. Roem) seed meal

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
M. A. Onigemo ◽  
K. Agbalaya ◽  
L. A. Tijani
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Blood Cell Count

The scarcity and increasing cost of conventional plant protein sources prompted researches into potential feed resources that are relatively of less importance to man. Loofah gourd (Luffa cylindrical (M.J. Roem) is a plant that is widely available in most tropical, subtropical and temperate region. In Nigeria it grows luxuriantly uncultivated and the sponge is often used for domestic cleaning while the seeds are discarded. The seeds were de-hulled, milled and fed at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% dietary levels of inclusion as partial total replacement for groundnut cake. One hundred and fifty (150) day-old broiler chicks were divided into five (5) groups and each was fed the experimental diets for fifty six (56) days in a completely randomised design (CRD) arrangement. Data collected included the average feed intake (AFI), average weight gain (AWG), live weight (LW) feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), haematology indices such as pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb), serological variables such as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and carcass characteristics. Loofah gourd seed meal (LGSM) significantly (P<0.05) depressed the feed intake, weight gain, live weight, and protein efficiency ratio of the birds as the dietary inclusion of LGSM increased in a similar trend. AFI, AWG, and PER were significantly highest (P<0.05) in birds on the control group (125.88 g/day, 51.37 g/day, and 1.81 respectively) and lowest in those on 20% LGSM (62.88 g/day, 19.35 and 1.39 respectively). PCV and Hb were significantly highest (P<0.05) in birds on the control group (10.46 g/dl and 34% respectively) and lowest in those on 15% LGSM (21%) and 10%LGSM (6.98g/dl) respectively. Birds fed with the control diet had the lowest (P<0.05) AST (86.13 U/I), ALT (5.67 U/I) and ALP (112,338.90) and those on 20% LGSM had the highest AST (104.18 U/), ALT (10.98 U/D while the highest ALP (201,762.90) was in birds fed 10% LGSM. Weight of liver and spleen expressed as percentage of live weight were significantly lowest in birds on the control group (1.38 and 0.18 respectively) and highest in those on 15% LGSM (4.08 and 1.50 respectively). The increase in liver and spleen weight coupled with increased serum enzymes activities suggest the presence of anti-nutrient in LGSM. Hence, the use of LGSM beyond 5% level of inclusion is not beneficial in the production of broiler.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE HYDRO-METHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BURKEA AFRICANA IN ALBINO RATS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhemen Festus Swem ◽  
Patrick Emeka Aba ◽  
Samuel Chukwuneke Udem ◽  
Victor Masekaven Ahur ◽  
Fidelis Aondover Gberindyer
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Somatic Index

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity profile of hydro-methanol extract of Burkea africana  (BA) stem bark in rats. Methods: The stem bark of BA was extracted by cold maceration using 80% methanol. Twenty female albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 (only distilled water). Groups 2-4 received the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) orally, once daily for 28 days. The rats were observed for signs of toxicity and the bodyweight (b.wt) of rats taken weekly. Blood samples were collected on day 28 for hematology and serum chemistry. Visceral organs were harvested for organ-somatic index and histopathology. Results: There were no toxicity signs observed and no significant (p< 0.05) change in body weight but the pulmo-somatic index was significantly (p< 0.05) higher at 400 mg/kg compared with the control and other treated groups. Significant (p< 0.05) increase in PCV, RBC, and MCV and significant (p< 0.05) decrease in MCHC, Total WBC count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed. Also, there were significant (p< 0.05) decreases in ALT, total protein, globulin, total bilirubin of test groups when compared with the control group. Urea concentration of test groups significantly (p< 0.05) increased when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: BA stem bark extract can be said to have no deleterious effect on erythrocyte, but rather serve to improve erythropoiesis and also has no overt toxic effect on the visceral organs. Also the extract may have immunosuppressive and oxidative tendencies on prolong use.                                   Peer Review History: Received 12 January 2021; Revised 3 February; Accepted 25 February, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected] Taha A.I. El Bassossy,  Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]   Similar Articles: PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMIS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS EFFECTS OF RAW AND COOKED AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS) ON RENAL FUNCTION IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA STEM BARK ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL

Response of broiler chickens fed diets containing loofah gourd Luffa cylindrical (M.J. Roem) seed meal

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
M. A. Onigemo ◽  
K. Agbalaya ◽  
L. A. Tijani
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Blood Cell Count

The scarcity and increasing cost of conventional plant protein sources prompted researches into potential feed resources that are relatively of less importance to man. Loofah gourd (Luffa cylindrical (M.J. Roem) is a plant that is widely available in most tropical, subtropical and temperate region. In Nigeria it grows luxuriantly uncultivated and the sponge is often used for domestic cleaning while the seeds are discarded. The seeds were de-hulled, milled and fed at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% dietary levels of inclusion as partial total replacement for groundnut cake. One hundred and fifty (150) day-old broiler chicks were divided into five (5) groups and each was fed the experimental diets for fifty six (56) days in a completely randomised design (CRD) arrangement. Data collected included the average feed intake (AFI), average weight gain (AWG), live weight (LW) feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), haematology indices such as pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb), serological variables such as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and carcass characteristics. Loofah gourd seed meal (LGSM) significantly (P<0.05) depressed the feed intake, weight gain, live weight, and protein efficiency ratio of the birds as the dietary inclusion of LGSM increased in a similar trend. AFI, AWG, and PER were significantly highest (P<0.05) in birds on the control group (125.88 g/day, 51.37 g/day, and 1.81 respectively) and lowest in those on 20% LGSM (62.88 g/day, 19.35 and 1.39 respectively). PCV and Hb were significantly highest (P<0.05) in birds on the control group (10.46 g/dl and 34% respectively) and lowest in those on 15% LGSM (21%) and 10%LGSM (6.98g/dl) respectively. Birds fed with the control diet had the lowest (P<0.05) AST (86.13 U/I), ALT (5.67 U/I) and ALP (112,338.90) and those on 20% LGSM had the highest AST (104.18 U/), ALT (10.98 U/D while the highest ALP (201,762.90) was in birds fed 10% LGSM. Weight of liver and spleen expressed as percentage of live weight were significantly lowest in birds on the control group (1.38 and 0.18 respectively) and highest in those on 15% LGSM (4.08 and 1.50 respectively). The increased in liver and spleen weight coupled with increased serum enzymes activities suggest the presence of anti-nutrient in LGSM. Hence, the use of LGSM beyond 5% level of inclusion is not beneficial in the production of broiler.

scholarly journals Examining the Androgenic Effect of Different Imperata Cylindrica Extracts on Diabetic Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
M. O. Nwokike ◽  
S. I. Ghasi ◽  
A. O. Ogbonna ◽  
C. A. Anusiem ◽  
C. C. Ofor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Root Extracts

This was an experimental study that evaluated the effect of aqueous, methanol and chloroform root extracts of Imperata cylindrica on serum levels of testosterone in male Wistar rats. Shade dried Imperata cylindrica roots were pounded and crude extracts prepared using distilled water, methanol and chloroform. Diabetes mellitus was induced with alloxan monohydrate and the diabetic rats were divided into six groups (n=8) and kept in separate cages. Group A rats were Non-Diabetic Rats Treated With Distilled Water. In Group B were placed Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Distilled Water. Groups C, D and E contained Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with 200 mg/Kg body weight water, chloroform and methanol Imperata cylindrica root extracts in the given order. Group F was the Positive Control with Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Glibenclamide [0.5 mg/kg body weight]. This treatment was carried out for 28 days sequentially. An analysis of the serum obtained from the rats after 28 days indicate that the extracts increased testosterone levels to varying degrees with the methanol extract producing the highest activity of 27.42 percent. This increase is from 3.23±0.04 ng/ml at baseline to 4.45±0.11 ng/ml after 28 days (p 0.0001). The increase due to aqueous extract was equally very statistically significant (p 0.0001) as the baseline concentration of testosterone, 3.35±0.08 ng/ml was increased by 23.70% to 4.39±0.32 ng/ml. The chloroform extract proved to be the least active of the extracts as it only increased the testosterone level by 11.76% from 3.15±0.19 ng/ml at baseline to 3.57±0.09 ng/ml after 28 days (p=0.0213). This was about two and half times lower than the methanol extract that elicited highest activity among the extracts and about four times less than the effect produced by the Group F rats treated with 0.5 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide. The testosterone levels of Group F rats after 28 days increased to the levels seen in the normal control group that did not receive alloxan, from 3.17±0.12 to 5.51±0.25 ng/ml, a 42.47% change. This result indicates that methanol is the best extractant of the three solvents analyzed.

Influence of increased doses of fenbendazole supramolecular complex on sheep’s organism

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Varlamova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Supramolecular Complex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The purpose of the research: study of the influence of increased doses of fenbendazole supramolecular complex (FSMC) on sheep’s organism. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out at the Podolsk Department of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants named after K. I. Skryabin on 20 manorial invasion-free sheep aged 2-3 years old. Animals were divided according to the principle of analogues into 4 groups, 5 heads in each group. Animals of the 1, 2 and 3 group were orally administered with FSMC given as a single dose of 2, 6, 10 mg/kg, respectively, according to the active substance, i.e in therapeutic and in a dose increased by 3 and 5 times. Sheep of the fourth group didn’t receive the drug and they were as control. Study of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of animals from all groups was conducted 1 day before and in 1, 3, 5 days after administration of the drug by means of standard methods. Results and discussion. FSMC in therapeutic dose as well as in a dose increased by 3 and 5 times doesn’t have negative influence on clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of the sheep. State of the sheep, which received the drug in doses of 20, 60, 100 mg/kg, was within the physiologically normal state and didn’t differ from the state before administration of the drug and from the animals of the control group. Drug security index exceeds 5. Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin count, leukogram parameters as well as biochemical parameters of blood: activity of alkaline phosphatase and amylase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea and glucose counts were within normal limits and didn’t differ from the parameters of the control animals.

scholarly journals Effect of the oral administration of monosodium glutamate during pregnancy and breast-feeding in the offspring of pregnant Wistar rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius von Diemen ◽  
Manoel Roberto Maciel Trindade
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Dependent Relation ◽  
Dose Dependent

PURPOSE: Determine the effects of the MSG (monosodium glutamate) in the offspring of pregnant rats through the comparison of the weight, NAL (nasal-anal length) and IL (Index of Lee) at birth and with 21 days of life. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring were divided into 3 groups: GC, G10 and G20. Each of the groups received 0%, 10% and 20% of MSG, respectively from coupling until the end of the weaning period. RESULTS: Neither weight nor NAL were different among the groups at birth. The group G20 at birth had an IL lower than the group GC (p<0,05) and with 21 days of life presented weight and NAL lower than the groups G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). Otherwise the G20 at 21 days of life had the IL similar to the other two groups. The weight profit percentage from birth to the 21st day of life was lower in the G20 regarding the other two groups (p<0,01). The G20 had a NAL increase percentage from birth to the 21st day of life lower than the G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: MSG presented a dose-dependent relation in the variables weight and NAL. It caused a decrease in the growth pattern as well as in the weight gain pattern until the 21st day of life. The IL of the group 20% had an increased in relation to the control group after 3 weeks of follow up.

scholarly journals Histomorphological Effects of Nicotine on Selected Parts of the Brain of Adult Wistar Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chukwuma Oyem ◽  
Emmanuel Igho Odokuma
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Group 1

Nicotine has been defined as a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that accumulates in the roots and leaves of Nightshade family of plants Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of orally ingested nicotine in the histology of hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum.Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male Wistar rats (100g – 200g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (group 1 – group 4). Group 1 served as the control group, while groups 2 - 4 were the treated groups. Nicotine was diluted in water and 1ml of the different dosage (2mg/kg/day, 4mg/kg/day and 6mg/kg/day) were administered to the treated groups respectively with the aid of orogastric cannula for 42 days. Animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation at the end of 7, 21 and 42 days so as to demonstrate the dose and time dependant effect of this agent. Brain tissues were harvested, processed and stained using Haematoxylin and eosin according to standard histological techniques. Stained tissue images were captured using digital micrometer eyepiece and cell count was determined using stereological technique.Statistical analysis: Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis with the use of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20). Significant differences were obtained using One Way Analysis of Variance with a probability of  0.05 (95% confidence limit) and Tukeys post hoc  test was further used to determine the mean significant differences between specific groups.Results: Histological findings showed mild, moderate and severe hyperplasia in a dose and time dependant manner. However, observations from quantitative analysisalso revealed a dose and time dependant significant increase in neuronal cell count and cell diameter of the hippocampus, Substantia nigra and cerebellum.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that oral exposure of Nicotine in rats display proliferative adaptive changes on the hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum in a dose/time dependent manner.

scholarly journals Proximate and Acute Toxicity Profile of Vitex doniana (Black Plum) Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Imoisi ◽  
J.U. Iyasele ◽  
S.E. Okhale
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
North East ◽  
Capability Analysis ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Vitex Doniana

The fresh fruits of Vitex doniana sweet were collected from several randomly selected trees in a farm site in Uromi metropolis, Esan North-East Local Government Area of Edo state and then processed into an extract in form of syrup. The proximate composition and acute toxicity profile of Vitex doniana sweet fruit were investigated to ascertain its safety and nutritional capability. Analysis of the fruit showed it to be a highly nutritious food containing moisture of about, 9.90%, ash content: 21.5%, fat: 0.75%, fiber: Not detected (ND), protein: 0.006% and carbohydrate: 67.84%. Twenty mice were randomized based on body weight into five groups of four mice each. Three mice in each group were given syrup volumes of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/ml respectively, corresponding to 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg doses. In contrast, mice in the control group received potable water (10 mL/kg). The mice in all the groups were observed closely for mortality, toxicity signs and abnormalities in gross behaviour at 15 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, and then daily for 14 days. Based on the model used, the fruit was acutely safe in mice, since no death was observed within 24 hours after oral treatment and on extrapolation gave a high predictive value in humans. The LD50 value of black plum fruit was also found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Therefore, Vitex doniana fruit should be considered a source of edible syrup bearing in mind the safety, quantity and variety of nutrients it contains.

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