scholarly journals Proximate and Acute Toxicity Profile of Vitex doniana (Black Plum) Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Imoisi ◽  
J.U. Iyasele ◽  
S.E. Okhale
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
North East ◽  
Capability Analysis ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Vitex Doniana

The fresh fruits of Vitex doniana sweet were collected from several randomly selected trees in a farm site in Uromi metropolis, Esan North-East Local Government Area of Edo state and then processed into an extract in form of syrup. The proximate composition and acute toxicity profile of Vitex doniana sweet fruit were investigated to ascertain its safety and nutritional capability. Analysis of the fruit showed it to be a highly nutritious food containing moisture of about, 9.90%, ash content: 21.5%, fat: 0.75%, fiber: Not detected (ND), protein: 0.006% and carbohydrate: 67.84%. Twenty mice were randomized based on body weight into five groups of four mice each. Three mice in each group were given syrup volumes of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/ml respectively, corresponding to 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg doses. In contrast, mice in the control group received potable water (10 mL/kg). The mice in all the groups were observed closely for mortality, toxicity signs and abnormalities in gross behaviour at 15 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, and then daily for 14 days. Based on the model used, the fruit was acutely safe in mice, since no death was observed within 24 hours after oral treatment and on extrapolation gave a high predictive value in humans. The LD50 value of black plum fruit was also found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Therefore, Vitex doniana fruit should be considered a source of edible syrup bearing in mind the safety, quantity and variety of nutrients it contains.

Activity, acute and Sub-acute toxicity and safety assesment of the hydroalcholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Özdek ◽  
Y. Baþbuðan ◽  
S. Yýldýrým ◽  
M. Boða ◽  
M. Fýrat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Ld50 Value

Diplotaenia turcica is widely utilized in conventional treatment in the east of Turkey. Due to the insufficient data on the safety profile, the acute and sub acute toxicity of Diplotaenia turcica was determined. Furthermore, total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extract were determined. The acute toxicity of hydroalcoholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica (HREDT) was evaluated in mice after administration of single oral dose at the 5000 mg/kg (acute model) and rat after 28 days orally administration at the dose range of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg (subacute model). According to result, the LD50 value of HREDT was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In sub acute toxicity study, no statistically significant differences were observed in the values of hematological and pathological parameters in comparison with control group. It was determined that the glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels exerted a significant effect depending on the HREDT doses. The results from the present study found out that HREDT did not produce any toxic effects or deaths in animals for both single and chronic administration. Additionally, HREDT showed moderate antioxidant activities and exhibited relatively notable total phenolic content.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Antioxidant Capability of Vitex doniana (Black Plum) Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Imoisi ◽  
J.U. Iyasele ◽  
E.E. Imhontu ◽  
U.R. Orji ◽  
S.A. Okhale
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Scavenging Effect ◽  
North East ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Vitex Doniana ◽  
Adequate Data

The search for more nutritionally active sources among forest products has called for the analysis of the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Vitex doniana (black plum) sweet fruit. Although, Vitex doniana sweet fruit had been known to be very useful among people across tropical Africa and beyond, but there is lack of adequate data on its phytochemical and antioxidant composition. The fresh fruits of Vitex doniana sweet were collected from several randomly selected trees in a farm site in Uromi metropolis, Esan North-East Local Government Area of Edo state and then processed into an extract in form of syrup. The phytochemical and antioxidant profile of Vitex doniana sweet fruit were investigated to ascertain its health benefits. The antioxidant activity was done by measuring the scavenging effect of the fruit and ascorbic acid on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The scavenging ability of the fruit showed a concentration-dependent activity profile. It increased with an increase in concentrations. The IC50 value of the fruit was found to be 245.8 µg/mL and that of ascorbic acid 2.175 µg/mL, indicating that the fruit has very little antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid (control). The study also revealed that the fruit contains tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Sub-acute Toxicity Profile of Vitex doniana (Sweet) Leaf Fractions on Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
O. S. Onwukwe ◽  
J. N. Ukwuani ◽  
A. O. Onyemelukwe ◽  
N. C. Azubuike ◽  
A. C. Onuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Vitex Doniana

Aim: To evaluate the sub-acute toxicity profile of fractions of Vitex doniana using adult albino rats. Study Design: An experimental study that lasted for 28 days. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Animal House Unit, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, between January 2019 and March 2019. Methodology: Methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions of V. doniana were orally administered to 6 groups of animals at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight for each fraction, for 28 days. At the end of the administration, the animals were sacrificed. Body weight changes, Relative Organ Weights (ROW), haematological analysis, serum biochemical assay and histopathological changes of vital organs were used to evaluate the potential toxic effects of the fractions after treatments. Results: The fractions had no adverse effects on the body weights, ROW and gross appearance of the tissues. There were no significant changes in the haematological and biochemical parameters of the treated animals compared to the controls. Histological assessment of the excised organs also showed no overt pathological changes apart from thickened alveolar septa in the lungs of the animals that received methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The polar fractions of V. doniana at the doses tested did not induce any toxic changes in the treated animals.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity test ethanol extract of kerehau leaf (Callicarpa longifolia Lamk) using OECD 420 method

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Aulia Istiqomah ◽  
◽  
Shintya Safitri ◽  
Elis Susilawati
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Ld50 Value

Background: Kerehau is empirically used as cooling powder to treat acne. Based on previous research, kerehau leaves have a number of activities, including wound healing, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the safety level of a single dose of ethanol extract of kerehau leaves within a 24-hour administration period. Methods: Acute toxicity testing of ethanol extract of kerehau leaves was carried out on female Webster mice. Test animals were divided into 4 treatment groups, consisting of 1 control group and 3 test groups. The testing method referred to OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) 420 with modified doses of 2000mg/kgBW, 5000 mg/kgBW, and 8000 mg/kgBW. The observations were made on the behaviour of animals towards toxicity symptoms for 4 hours after administration of the test substance as well as death. The death and weight gain were observed for 14 days. On the 15th day, animals were sacrificed, blood was taken, and biochemical parameters were measured. The heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, and lungs were harvested and weighed. Data was analysed using Oneway ANOVA continued with LSD and Post Hoc. Results: The results showed that ethanol extract of kerehau leaves did not cause death in all of the groups. There were significant differences in liver weight, SGPT, and SGOT levels (p< 0.05) at the dose of 5000 mg/kgBW. No toxicity symptoms and death were found until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: LD50 value of ethanol extract of kerehau leaves was above 8000 mg/kgBW with heart as the most affected organ. Keywords: Ethanol extract of kerehau leaves, acute toxicity test, OECD 420.

scholarly journals Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 10939
Author(s):  
Gladys C. EZEH ◽  
Nkeiruka E. UDEH ◽  
Christian A. OZIOKO ◽  
Samuel O. ONOJA ◽  
Raphael E. EZE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Hura Crepitans

This study investigated the toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on albino rats. The up-and-down method at a dose limit of 2000 mg/kg was used in the oral acute toxicity test. Twenty-four (24) albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (A –D, n = 6). Group A (control) received distilled water, while groups B-D received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. The rats were dosed once daily for 21 consecutive days and weighed weekly. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment on day 21, the rats were fasted overnight and blood was collected into EDTA and plain bottles for hematological evaluation and serum preparation respectively. A manual method was used to determine the full blood cell count, while Randox kit was used to estimate the serum markers of liver and kidney functions. The extract was tolerated by the rat; the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. At 21 days of treatment, the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) treated groups had 27.53, 25.98 and 25.33% weight gain respectively, while the distilled water treated group had 8.38% weight gain. The extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.05) the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and red cell count, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but increased the total white blood cell in the treated groups when compared with the control group. This study suggests that methanol extract of Hura crepitans has hepatoprotective activity, promotes weight gain and could precipitate anemia when taken for a long period.

The Toxicity Profile of a Single Dose of Paroxetine: An Alternative Approach to Acute Toxicity Testing in the Rat

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M. Ryan ◽  
John P. Kelly1Note ◽  
Philip L. Chambers ◽  
Brian E. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Hydrogeophysical Survey of Groundwater Development at Okada Community Ovia North – East L.G.A. Edo State

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
M. O. Ehigiator
Keyword(s):  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
North East ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Water Problems ◽  
Aquifer Unit

Geophysical investigation was conducted at Okada community in ovia North Local Govertment area of Edo state to determine the prospect of aquifer zone. The Petrozenith PZ-02 Terrameter, one of the Electrical Resistivity Equipment was used to conduct a Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) in the study area. The Garmin Etrex 10 Global Navigation satellite systems (GNSS) was used to acquire Geodetic coordinates of point where VES observations were made. This research was carried out as a pre-drilling Hydro-geophysical survey conducted for the purpose of surveying and studying the proposed water borehole site at Okada Community that has suffered acute water problems for a very long time. There have been series of boreholes drilled in the studied area but all are dry wells. This survey was conducted to investigate the subsurface complexity of the sites in respect of lithology and to recommend the total drill depth based on the prospective aquifer unit so identified. Result of interpretation suggests that the area is underlain with substantive aquiferous formation but at a depth not exceeding 121.60 m (398.95 ft), which is the lower aquifer unit. The value of elevation at point of observation referenced to mean sea level is 94 m.

Palm Kernel Marketing in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A Okere ◽  
◽  
C.N. Nwawe ◽  
I.O. Uwubanmwen ◽  
I.D. Garba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
North East ◽  
Edo State

scholarly journals 168. Efficacy of the Novel gwt1 Inhibitor APX2039 in a Rabbit Model of cryptococcus Meningitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S213-S213
Author(s):  
Karen J Shaw ◽  
Charles D Giamberardino ◽  
Quinlyn A Soltow ◽  
Jennifer Tenor ◽  
Dena Toffaletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Geographical Regions

Abstract Background Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), caused primarily by Cryptococcus neoformans, is uniformly fatal if not treated. Treatment options are limited especially in resource-poor geographical regions, and mortality rates remain high despite current therapies. New oral treatment options are needed that demonstrate rapid reductions in CFU in CSF and brain tissue. APX2039 is a novel inhibitor of the fungal Gwt1 enzyme, which catalyzes an early step in glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. It is highly active against both C. neoformans and C. gattii and has previously demonstrated significant efficacy in a mouse delayed-treatment model of CM. CSF Fungal Burden in Rabbits Methods Male New Zealand White rabbits were inoculated with C. neoformans H99 (1.4 ×106 CFU) directly into the cisterna magna. Rabbits were immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate at 7.5 mg/kg (i.m.), starting on Day -1 relative to inoculation and then administered drug daily throughout the 14-day experimental period. Treatment was initiated on Day 2 postinfection and continued through Day 14 consisting of: 50 mg/kg APX2039 PO (BID), 80 mg/kg fluconazole (FLU) PO (QD), c) 1 mg/kg amphotericin B deoxycholate (AMB) IV (QD); and vehicle control. CSF was removed via an intracisternal tap on Days 2, 7, 10 and 14 post-infection and CFU/ml was assessed. Animals were sacrificed on Day 14 and CFU/g brain tissue was assessed. Results APX2039 demonstrated rapid reduction in CFU in both CSF and brain tissue. The range in CFU values in rabbit CSF is shown (Figure). Reductions in CFU were statistically different from the control group for all treatment groups. APX2039 was also different from both FLU and AMB and resulted in sterilization in CSF by Day 10. Brain harvested on Day 14 demonstrated a reduction in CFU/g tissue vs control of 1.8 log10 and 3.4 log10 for FLU and AMB, respectively, while a &gt; 6 log10 reduction (tissue sterilization) was observed for APX2039. Conclusion APX2039 demonstrated potent efficacy in a rabbit model of CM. The more rapid clearance in CSF than either AMB or FLU, as well as &gt; 6 log10 reduction in brain CFU highlights the unique properties of this drug, warranting further investigation of this molecule for the treatment of CM. Disclosures Karen J. Shaw, PhD, Amplyx (Consultant)Forge Therapeutics (Consultant) Charles D. Giamberardino, Jr., MR, Box (Shareholder) John R. Perfect, MD, amplyx (Grant/Research Support)astellas (Grant/Research Support)astellas (Grant/Research Support)

Acute toxicity of Potentilla anserina L. extract in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dul Dram ◽  
Cui-Zhu Zhao ◽  
Qin-Ge Ma ◽  
Jun-Wei He ◽  
Jia-Jie Duo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Organ Index ◽  
Potentilla Anserina ◽  
Safety Range

AbstractPotentilla anserina L. is not only a medicinal plant, but also a traditional cuisine. Hence, an acute toxicity study was performed to confirm its safety profile. Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups: control group and P. anserina L. extract group. Using the maximum dosage method, the P. anserina L. extract group was given the maximum dose within 12 h, equivalent to 345.6 g/kg crude drug. The control group was given distilled water. After administration, toxicity symptoms of mice were observed, body weight and food intake were recorded. After 14 days, blood was collected to measure biochemical parameters, autopsy was carried out to observe the changes of organs, and the vital organs were separated, weighed, and preserved for histopathological examination. The results showed that P. anserina L. extract group had no toxic symptoms. The activity, weight, and diet of mice were normal, and no abnormality was found in organ index, renal function, liver function, anatomical observation, and histopathological examination. Therefore, the maximum oral dosage (345.6 g/kg) of P. anserina L. was good safety. This study indicated that P. anserina L. had a large safety range and the clinical application was safe.

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