scholarly journals Are astrocytes executive cells within the central nervous system?

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto E. Sica ◽  
Roberto Caccuri ◽  
Cecilia Quarracino ◽  
Francisco Capani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cerebellar Ataxias ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

ABSTRACT Experimental evidence suggests that astrocytes play a crucial role in the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) by modulating synaptic activity and plasticity. Based on what is currently known we postulate that astrocytes are fundamental, along with neurons, for the information processing that takes place within the CNS. On the other hand, experimental findings and human observations signal that some of the primary degenerative diseases of the CNS, like frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia, Huntington’s dementia, primary cerebellar ataxias and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which affect the human species exclusively, may be due to astroglial dysfunction. This hypothesis is supported by observations that demonstrated that the killing of neurons by non-neural cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of those diseases, at both their onset and their progression. Furthermore, recent findings suggest that astrocytes might be involved in the pathogenesis of some psychiatric disorders as well.

Mills' syndrome. A clinical case of a rare degenerative pathology of the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Konstantin Gulyabin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Primary Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Mills Syndrome

Mills' syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. Its nosological nature is currently not completely determined. Nevertheless, Mills' syndrome is considered to be a rare variant of the degenerative pathology of the central nervous system – a variant of focal cortical atrophy. The true prevalence of this pathology is unknown, since this condition is more often of a syndrome type, observed in the clinical picture of a number of neurological diseases (primary lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, etc.) and is less common in isolated form.

Understanding cellular glycan surfaces in the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameera Iqbal ◽  
Mina Ghanimi Fard ◽  
Arun Everest-Dass ◽  
Nicolle H. Packer ◽  
Lindsay M. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Enzymatic Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Glycosylation, the enzymatic process by which glycans are attached to proteins and lipids, is the most abundant and functionally important type of post-translational modification associated with brain development, neurodegenerative disorders, psychopathologies and brain cancers. Glycan structures are diverse and complex; however, they have been detected and targeted in the central nervous system (CNS) by various immunohistochemical detection methods using glycan-binding proteins such as anti-glycan antibodies or lectins and/or characterized with analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycan structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in neural stem cells play key roles in neural development, biological processes and CNS maintenance, such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, molecular trafficking and differentiation. This brief review will highlight some of the important findings on differential glycan expression across stages of CNS cell differentiation and in pathological disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia and brain cancer.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana ◽  
Gaido ◽  
Murtas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Three CanonicalToxoplasmaStrains on Gene Expression in Human Neuroepithelial Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchun Xiao ◽  
Lorraine Jones-Brando ◽  
C. Conover Talbot ◽  
Robert H. Yolken
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTStrain type is one of the key factors suspected to play a role in determining the outcome ofToxoplasmainfection. In this study, we examined the transcriptional profile of human neuroepithelioma cells in response to representative strains ofToxoplasmaby using microarray analysis to characterize the strain-specific host cell response. The study of neural cells is of interest in light of the ability ofToxoplasmato infect the brain and to establish persistent infection within the central nervous system. We found that the extents of the expression changes varied considerably among the three strains. Neuroepithelial cells infected withToxoplasmatype I exhibited the highest level of differential gene expression, whereas type II-infected cells had a substantially smaller number of genes which were differentially expressed. Cells infected with type III exhibited intermediate effects on gene expression. The three strains also differed in the individual genes and gene pathways which were altered following cellular infection. For example, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that type I infection largely affects genes related to the central nervous system, while type III infection largely alters genes which affect nucleotide metabolism; type II infection does not alter the expression of a clearly defined set of genes. Moreover, Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) suggests that the three lineages differ in the ability to manipulate their host; e.g., they employ different strategies to avoid, deflect, or subvert host defense mechanisms. These observed differences may explain some of the variation in the neurobiological effects of different strains ofToxoplasmaon infected individuals.

scholarly journals Endogenous Cu in the central nervous system fails to satiate the elevated requirement for Cu in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS

Metallomics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1002-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Hilton ◽  
A. R. White ◽  
P. J. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Mutant Sod1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sod1 Mouse ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

It is unclear why ubiquitous expression of mutant SOD1 selectively affects the central nervous system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we hypothesise that the central nervous system is primarily affected because, unlike other tissues, it has relatively limited capacity to satiate an increased requirement for Cu.

In and Out of the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

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