scholarly journals Biennial bearing in apple cultivars

Revista CERES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
No Production ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
One Year ◽  
Range Of Variation

ABSTRACT Biennial bearing is the process in fruit trees by which one year of high fruit load is followed by a very low load or no production the next year. In apple growing, this is a troublesome problem, because of the negative effect on crop yield accumulated over the years, fruit quality, and plant physiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biennial bearing of nine apple cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks using of the biennial bearing index (BBI). The indices were calculated for the scion cultivars Maxi-Gala, Gala Real, Royal Gala, Fuji Select, Fuji Suprema, Mishima, Daiane, and Cripps Pink based on the yields from the harvests from 2008 to 2013. The apple cultivars exhibited no significant alternate production, considering the range of variation of the index. For the M-9 rootstock, cv. Fuji Suprema showed the highest BBI. For Marubakaido/M-9, Baigent, Mishima, Fuji Select, and Maxi-Gala showed the highest indices. There was no correlation between the biennial bearing index and the stem cross section of the scion cultivars, regardless of the rootstock used.

Linking fish and crustacean taxonomic composition with seasonal contrasts in the soft-bottom intertidal zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gondal ◽  
S. Iqbal ◽  
U. Atique ◽  
N. U. Saher ◽  
N. A. Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sw Monsoon

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal fish and crustacean variations concerning taxonomic composition, species richness, and diversity in sandy beach habitat. For this purpose, we investigated the Sonmiani Hor lagoon area during four distinct seasons, i.e., northeast (NE) monsoon, pre-monsoon, south-west (SW) monsoon, and post-monsoon for one year. During each haul, the net was pulled about 100m along the beach in 0.5m depth. The results showed a strong linear correlation between the diversity index and equitability in fishes (r = 0.978). The diversity index was strong negatively correlated with the abundance and biomass (r = -0.978, -0.972, respectively). The physical attributes like sea surface water temperature and salinity showed a strong negative effect on species assemblages (r = -0.981 and -0.943, respectively). The mean air and water temperature illustrated approximately 3°C difference during NE and pre-monsoon seasons. However, salinity, pH, and electrical conductivity did not show any significant seasonal variabilities. Under the ecological indices, the fish species displayed higher diversity (H’ = 3.19) during SW monsoon, whereas the lowest diversity was observed during pre-monsoon (H’ = 1.58). The equitability and species richness, however, remained more noticeable during SW monsoon (J’ = 0.81). The total number of individuals of fish and crustaceans reached 4799 with 3813 fish individuals and 986 individuals of crustaceans. A total of 27 families of fish while five crustacean families comprising of 30 genera and 38 fish species while ten genera and 17 species of crustaceans were recorded. Liza subviridis displayed the highest abundance among the sampled fish species. In conclusion, fish species constituted a significant part of the coastal fauna in the study area. The seasonal variations displayed distinct variations in fish species composition and diversity.

scholarly journals Effects of serpentinite fertilizer on the chemical properties and enzyme activity of young spruce soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Błońska ◽  
Kazimierz Januszek ◽  
Stanisław Małek ◽  
Tomasz Wanic
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Experimental Plots

AbstractThe experimental plots used in the study were located in the middle forest zone (elevation: 900-950 m a.s.l.) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians in southern Poland. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of serpentinite in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on selected chemical properties of the soil and activity of dehydrogenase and urease in the studied soils. All fertilizer treatments significantly enriched the tested soils in magnesium. The use of serpentinite as a fertilizer reduced the molar ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, which facilitated the uptake of magnesium by tree roots due to competition between calcium and magnesium. After one year of fertilization on the Wisła experimental plot, the pH of the Ofh horizon increased, while the pH of the mineral horizons significantly decreased. Enrichment of serpentinite with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers stimulated the dehydrogenase activity in the studied organic horizon. The lack of a negative effect of the serpentinite fertilizer on enzyme activity in the spruce stand soil showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals added to the soil were not high enough to be toxic and indicated the feasibility of using this fertilizer in forestry.

Analysis of Single-Vehicle Crash Injury Severities in Urban River-Crossing Road Tunnels

2015 ◽  
Vol 743 ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Jiang ◽  
J.J. Lu ◽  
L.J. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Road Tunnels ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
Injury Severities ◽  
One Year

Based on the originally unprocessed data from the Official Platform of“110”Alarming Receiving Center (OP110ARC) of Shanghai Public Security Bureau (SPSB), 529 single-vehicle crashes reported during one year and a half which happened at the thirteen urban road tunnels going across the Huangpu River are used in this study. To investigate the factors affecting the crash influence severity levels, ordered probit regression is established. Several categories of factors are considered as explanatory variables in the models. The study finds that the entrance of the tunnels is the site where severe injury crashes trend to occur. Rainy and snowy days impose vehicles and motorists driving via the tunnel sections in danger. Tunnels with a low speed limit (40 km/h in this study) may be not as safe as we thought before. Two-wheel vehicles without sufficient physical protection for its drivers and heavy vehicles also show a negative effect on the operation safety of single-vehicle at these studied tunnels. Alcohol involved drivers are more likely to suffer from a severe crashes and gets badly hurt.

Income distribution and macroeconomics in Colombia

2007 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Javier A. Birchenall
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Aggregate Shocks ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper studies the relation between macroeconomic variables and the distribution of income in Colombia. We relate the dynamics of aggregate economic variables with the cross-section of disaggregate income to determine the transmission and propagation mechanisms of aggregate shocks. The most important finding is a strong negative effect of inflation rates on the distribution of income by education groups and productive sectors.

scholarly journals Seven-year orchard performance of eleven new apple cultivars from Holovousy in comparison with some commonly grown ones

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Blažek ◽  
J. Křelinová
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

 In an orchard trial that was established in the spring of 1999 on M 9 rootstock at the spacing of 4 × 1 m, eleven new apple cultivars bred in Holovousy (Angold, Julia, Nabella, Primadela, Produkta, Resista, Rubinstep, Rucla, Selena, Vysočina and Zuzana) were evaluated in comparison with three standard varieties (Gala, Golden Delicious and Jonagold) and another two with resistance to scab (Rosana and Topaz). In the first three years, the incidence of scab and mildew was evaluated under limited chemical protection. In 2000–2005 on each of 10 randomly selected trees of each cultivar, the time of flowering and optimum harvest ripening were recorded, flower set and fruit sets were rated, yield per tree and weight of 10 fruit samples were measured. Trunk diameter was measured between 2002 and 2005. The early summer apple Julia had the healthiest state and it was recommended for organic growing. Selena was the most precocious, the least vigorous and had the highest crop efficiency. The highest annual yields per tree were recorded with Produkta, but this cultivar had the highest proportion of trees with biennial bearing. Primadela achieved the highest cumulative yields, whereas Angold brought the largest fruits on average. With the obtained results, the evaluated cultivars were characterised by some important features or recommendations for growers.  

Response of newly planted peach and apple trees to superphosphate

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
One Year ◽  
Peach Trees

The response of peach and apple trees to added superphosphate was recorded both in the nursery and later in the orchard after transplanting. The peach and apple trees responded positively to phosphate applications in both the nursery and the orchard despite the initial presence of medium to high phosphate levels in the soils. Of major interest, too, was the absence of a consistent interaction between the phosphate treatments applied in the separate years. This suggested that the trees could not accumulate enough phosphorus in any one year to influence their response to further phosphate. Leaf analysis showed two important effects in relation to the phosphate treatments. Firstly, since high rates of application of fertilizer led to only small increases in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves, tree growth rate and phosphate absorption rate are apparently closely coupled. Secondly, the deliberate withholding of phosphate fertilizer from all trees in the fourth season led to a marked decline in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves of both peach and apple, which suggested that phosphate fertilizer should be applied annually to young fruit trees. With apple, but not peach, increasing the rate of phosphate applied in the third season stimulated the number of flower buds initiated, but this effect was not simply the result of increased vegetative growth. On the other hand, phosphate application to the peach trees in the orchard resulted in a positive fruit set and yield response in the absence of any tree growth response.

scholarly journals Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Keluarga Miskin di Kecamatan Maesan Kabupaten Bondowoso

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Moehammad Fathorrazi ◽  
Dewa Murti ◽  
Fivien Muslihatinningsih
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
Educational Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the income of the poorest families in the district Maesan the regency by using the method of analysis Regression (Regression Model Multiplier). Data used in this study are primary data derived from interviews, questionnaire method, the method of observation (cross section) with a research area in District Maesan regency. The regression results obtained from this study indicate that education (X1) and age (X2) has positive effect on revenues. The number of dependents (X3) and the type of work (X4) negative effect on revenue. The probability value of each independent variable is education (X1) of 0.0000, age (X2) of 0.0000, the number of dependents (X3) at 0.0000 and the type of work (X4) of 0.7765. This shows that in the study of factors that affect the income of poor families in the District Maesan Bondowoso,variables that influence the educational variables, variables of age, and a variable number of dependents who have significant influence on the income variable. Variable type of work does not significantly influence the income variable. Keywords: income, education, age, total family dependents and The job type

scholarly journals Production Unit Trends and Price Characteristics within the United States Pecan Industry

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
No Production ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Substantial Decline

The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with ≥100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e., nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern regionhistorically the primary production area-yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e., K = 0.04 - 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and 1 = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [Epa = 192 - 1,224 lb/acre (215 - 1,374 kg·ha-1)] and trees [Ept = 19 - 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (cv = 18 - 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r2 = 0.94 - 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nut-meats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut-pecan's primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season's crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN RATA-RATA LAMA SEKOLAH TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Miftaqh Nur Faritz ◽  
Ady Soejoto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Central Java Province

Latar belakang yang mendasari penelitian ini karena Provinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan provinsi dengan presentase penduduk miskin sebesar 11,19% Tahun 2018 dan menempati posisi dua terbawah dari berberapa provinsi yang ada di Pulau Jawa, Kemiskinan di Jawa Tengah disebabkan oleh rendahnya pertumbuhan ekonomi serta rendahnya pendidikan masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan rata-rata lama sekolah terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data panel dengan data yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik, mengunakan Cross Section 35 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Time Series tahun 2009-2018, menggunakan model random effect. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial pertumbuhan ekonomi berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi jawa tengah, rata-rata lama sekolah berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi jawa tengah. Sedangkan secara simultan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan rata-rata lama sekolah berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi jawa tengah Kata Kunci : Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah dan Kemiskinan AbstractThe background which is the basis of this research is that Central Java Province is a province with a poor population percentage of 11.19% in 2018 and occupies the second lowest position of several provinces in Java Island, Poverty in Central Java is caused by low economic growth and low public education . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of economic growth and average length of school on poverty in Central Java Province. This research uses panel data analysis techniques with data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency, using Cross Section 35 districts / cities in Central Java Province and Time Series in 2009-2018, using a random effect model. The results of this research show that partially economic growth has a significant negative effect on poverty in Central Java Province, the average length of school has a significant negative effect on poverty in the province of Central Java. While simultaneous economic growth and average length of school have a significant negative effect on poverty in Central Java Province.Keywords: Economic Growth, Mean Years School, Poverty.

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