Ammoniated babassu palm hay in anglo-nubian goat diets

ABSTRACT Leaves of babassu may be used in diets for goats under maintenance, however, it is a low-quality roughage due to its high fiber content. The chemical treatment by ammonia causes reduction in the proportion of the cell wall, in addition to providing non-protein nitrogen for the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Babassu palm hay ammoniated with 4% urea (BHAU4%) was evaluated in this study as a substitute for guinea grass hay in the maintenance diets of goats in terms of intake, digestibility in vivo, and the partitioning of energy and nitrogen compounds. Twenty Anglo-Nubian male goats were used in a randomised block design with four treatments (diets containing 0, 33, 66, or 100% BHAU4%) and five replicates (animals/block). The chemical compositions of the feeds, leftovers, faeces, nitrogen and crude energy of the urine were evaluated. In addition, the rumen fluid pH, the rumen N-NH3, and the blood serum urea were evaluated. The digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crud protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) and detergent acid (ADFap), corrected for ash and protein, declined (P<0.05) 0.0939, 0.0722, 0.0953, 0.1113, and 0.2666%, respectively, with the 1% inclusion of babassu palm hay in the diet. A negative linear effect (P<0.05) was observed in the ingested nitrogen (N), excretion of N in the urine, retained N, and N balance, with decreases of 0.15711, 0.0225 and 0.1071 g/day and 0.1388%, respectively, per percentage unit of the babassu palm hay included in the diet. The intake and digestibility of the DM and nutrients are reduced with the inclusion of BHAU4% in maintenance diets for goats, with positive nitrogen balance and stability of the ruminal pH and N-NH3 as well as blood urea, which presented values within the normal physiological range for goats.

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Development and Validation of Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Value of Double-Low Rapeseed Cake for Growing Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041168 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1168

Author(s):

Lu Wang ◽

Qile Hu ◽

Peili Li ◽

Changhua Lai ◽

Defa Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Prediction Equation ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Initial Body Weight

The study was conducted to develop and validate an equation to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) of double-low rapeseed cakes (DLRSC) for growing pigs based on their chemical compositions. In Experiment 1, 66 growing pigs (initial body weight 36.6 ± 4.1 kg) were allotted randomly to a completely randomized design with 11 diets. The diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet and 10 test diets containing 19.22% DLRSC supplemented at the expense of corn, soybean meal, and lysine. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude fiber (CF), and gross energy (GE) were the best predictors to determine ME. The best-fit prediction equation of ME (MJ/kg) was ME = 9.33 − 0.09 × NDF − 0.25 × CF + 0.59 × GE (R2 = 0.93). In Experiment 2, a total of 144 growing pigs (initial body weight 29.7 ± 2.7 kg), with six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment, were assigned randomly to four treatments in a completely randomized block design for a 28-day feeding trial. A corn–soybean meal basal diet was prepared, and three additional diets were formulated by adding 7%, 14%, and 21% DLRSC to the basal diet at the expense of soybean meal. All diets were formulated to provide equal standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys/ME ratio and SID essential amino acids/SID Lys ratio. Increasing dietary levels of DLRSC had no effect on average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed-to-gain ratio. The caloric efficiency of ME (31.83, 32.44, 31.95, and 32.69 MJ/kg, respectively) was not changed by increasing the dietary concentration of DLRSC. Increasing dietary levels of DLRSC linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the concentrations of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine in serum, as well as apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and organic matter of the diet. In conclusion, the ME prediction equation obtained in Experiment 1 accurately estimates the ME value of DLRSC fed to growing pigs.

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Characteristics of Nutrition, Growth, Carcass and Meat of Male Goats Fed Babassu Mesocarp Flour

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10070288 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 288

Author(s):

Aylpy R. D. Santos ◽

Jarlyanne N. C. Souza ◽

Henrique N. Parente ◽

Graziele S. Oliveira ◽

Karlyene S. Rocha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Dressing Percentage ◽

Physical And Chemical

Twenty-eight Boer × Saanen castrated male goats (21.6 ± 3.0 kg of initial body weigh) were distributed in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of increasing levels (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg, in dry matter basis) of dietary babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and meat physical and chemical composition. When significant treatment effects were found, data were submitted to orthogonal polynomials for treatment responses. BMF did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. However, it increased linearly the total carbohydrates intake (p = 0.013), neutral detergent fiber intake (p < 0.001) and digestibility (p = 0.027), while it decreased linearly the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates (p < 0.001) and ether extract (p < 0.001), without changing their digestibility (p > 0.05). The dressing percentage (p = 0.003) and rib eye area (p = 0.024) had a quadratic effect with increasing levels of BMF. The total gastrointestinal weight (TGI) had an increased linear effect (p = 0.001), while the proportion of rumen (p = 0.010), omasum (p < 0.001) and abomasum (p = 0.001) increased linearly with BMF addition. The same effects were presented in leg weight (p = 0.045) and muscle weight (p = 0.049). Weight and yields of commercial cuts and meat physicochemical composition did not change (p > 0.05) with inclusion levels of BMF. The addition of babassu mesocarp flour up to 200 g/kg in the diet of male goat can improve the dressing percentage without major changes in meat physical and chemical traits, representing an attractive alternative feed.

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Fiber digestibility in growing pigs fed common fiber-rich ingredients: a systematic review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2021-0050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Pan Yang ◽

Jinbiao Zhao

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Potential Health ◽

High Fiber ◽

Fiber Digestibility ◽

Fiber Components

Abstract The application of high-fiber ingredients in the swine feed industry has some limitations considering that high amounts of fiber are resistant to endogenous enzymatic degradation in the pig’s gut. However, there is growing interest in fiber fermentation in the intestine of pigs due to their functional properties and potential health benefits. Many strategies have been applied in feed formulations to improve utilization efficiency of fiber-rich ingredients and stimulate their prebiotic effects in pigs. This manuscript reviews chemical compositions, physical properties, and digestibility of fiber-rich diets formulated with fibrous ingredients for growing pigs. Evidences presented in this review indicate there is a great variation in chemical compositions and physical properties of fibrous ingredients, resulting in the discrepancy of energy and fiber digestibility in pig intestine. In practice, fermentation capacity of fiber components in the pig’s intestine can be improved using strategies, such as biological enzymes supplementation and feed processing technologies. Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), rather than neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), are recommended in application of pig production to achieve precise feeding. Limitations of current scientific research on determining fiber digestibility and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production are discussed. Endogenous losses of fiber components from non-dietary materials that result in underestimation of fiber digestibility and SCFA production are discussed in this review. Overall, the purpose of our review is to provide a reference for feeding the pig by choosing the diets formulated with different high-fiber ingredients.

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Broccoli byproduct-wheat straw silage as a feed resource for fattening lambs1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edris Partovi ◽

Yousef Rouzbehan ◽

Hasan Fazaeli ◽

Javad Rezaei

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

N Retention

Abstract The effect of feeding broccoli byproduct-wheat straw silage [BBWS; 69:31 ratio, dry matter (DM) basis] on performance, microbial N synthesis (MNS), rumen, and blood parameters in Fashandy lambs were evaluated. Three diets, with equal metabolizable energy and crude protein (CP) with a forage to concentrate ratio of 27:73 (DM basis), were formulated in which forage (lucerne and wheat straw) was replaced by BBWS (0, 100, or 200 g/kg of diet DM). These were assigned to three groups (n = 15/group) in a completely randomized block design for a 70-d period in which diets were offered as a total mixed ration. For each animal, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), in vivo apparent digestibility, MNS, N retention, rumen, and blood parameters were measured. The BBWS diets had no influence on DMI, ADG, feed conversion efficiency, in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, organic matter, CP, and ash-free neutral detergent fiber. Neither MNS and N retention nor serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, cholesterol, urea N, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, total protein, albumin, and globulin were affected. Rumen pH, NH3-N, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, the ratio of acetic to propionic acid, and protozoa numbers were, also, not influenced. In summary, BBWS may be fed to Fashandy lambs up to 200 g/kg of diet DM without any adverse impacts on growth performance.

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Uromol as a source of dietary nitrogen for ruminants: metabolic and rumen fermentation studies on buffalo calves

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600046396 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 309-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

N. S. Malik ◽

P. N. Langar ◽

A. K. Chopra

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Buffalo Calves ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Total N ◽

Groundnut Meal

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of uromol, a heated product of urea and molasses, was compared with raw urea–molasses and groundnut meal in three metabolic trials on buffalo calves. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) as urea or uromol contributed about 65, 48 and 30% of the nitrogen in the experimental concentrate mixtures, replacing partially or completely the groundnut meal of the control diets. The results showed that at 65% nitrogen replacement, the crude fibre and cellulose digestibilities and the nitrogen retention of the uromol diet was similar to that of the control but was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses diet. At 48% nitrogen replacement the nitrogen retention in the uromol-fed animals was still significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses fed group. At 30% nitrogen replacement, the differences between the control, urea–molasses and uromol groups were not significant.In vivo rumen studies with the diets containing 50% NPN replacement showed lower but sustained ammonia-N with uromol than the urea–molasses diet. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in rumen fluid, though initially higher in the control and uromol groups, were not significantly different from the urea–molasses group. Abomasal studies with diets containing 65% N as urea or uromol indicated a higher total nitrogen content in the abomasal fluid of the control and uromol-fed animals than the urea-fed animals. The 24 h abomasal passage of total-N/100 g nitrogen consumed was 95·5, 93·5 and 77·9 g in control, uromol and urea groups, respectively. The TCA-precipitatable-N (TCA-N) was also higher in the first two groups. These studies suggest that uromol is safer and has a better feeding value than urea–molasses at high rates of nitrogen replacement.

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PRODUKSI, KUALITAS, DAN KECERNAAN IN VITRO TANAMAN RUMPUT BENGGALA (Panicum maximum) PADA LAHAN SALIN

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v35i1.588 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Endang Dwi Purbajanti ◽

R. Djoko Sutrisno ◽

Eko Hanudin ◽

Subur Priyono Sasmito Budhi

Keyword(s):

Coastal Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Guinea Grass

The aim of this study was to evaluate performance and in vitro digestibility of Guinea grass grown on saline soil. Yield, quality, and in vitro digestibility of Guinea grass cultivated on coastal area with crop populations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 plants per hectare. Experiment was conducted following randomized complete block design (RCBD). Higher crop population increased fresh and DM biomass production, crude protein (CP) yield, dry matter (DM) content, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, and hemicellulose content, but decreased CP content, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). The increased population had no effect on acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD). It could be concluded that guinea grass was recommended to be planted in saline coastal area by addition of fertilizer 20 tons/ha manure, 3 tons/ha gypsum, and 50 kg N (239 kg ZA/ha) as source of nitrogen. (Keywords: Forage, Salinity, Saline soil, Manure, Gypsum, Nitrogen source)

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Nutritive value of elephant grass hay ammoniated by urea

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v36n5a2020-41135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Leonardo Fiusa De Morais ◽

João Carlos de Carvalho Almeida ◽

Delci de Deus Nepomuceno ◽

Rafaela Scalise Xavier Freitas ◽

Bárbara Maria Gomes De Melo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Absolute Maximum ◽

Maximum Point ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Grass Hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ammoniation by urea on the nutritional value of elephant grass hay harvested after flowering. A completely randomized design, in double factorial designs with an additional treatment: 4 urea doses (2, 4, 6 and 8%) x 2 treatment periods (30 and 45 days) + 1 (Control) with four replicates each, was employed. Dry matter, ash, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, neutral detergent fiber corrected for the ash and the protein, total nitrogen, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, in vitro gas production and carbohydrates fractionation were analyzed. The treatments influenced the contents of DM, EE, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose, NDFap, fraction A + B1, fraction B2, fraction C, TN, NPN, ADIN, NDIN, L and Vf2. There was a positive linear effect of urea dose for NDF, ADIN, NDIN and L, positive linear effect on fraction A + B1, NT and NPN, and positive quadratic effect for Vf2, with absolute maximum point of 4.5%. Elephant grass hay harvested after flowering has its nutritional value improved, with a minimum dose of 4.5% urea on a dry matter basis.

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Dietary lysophospholipids supplementation inhibited the activity of lipolytic bacteria in forage with high oil diet: an in vitro study

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1590-1598

Author(s):

Hanbeen Kim ◽

Byeongwoo Kim ◽

Seongkeun Cho ◽

Inhyuk Kwon ◽

Jakyeom Seo

Keyword(s):

Microbial Diversity ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, degradability, and microbial diversity in forage with high oil diet in an in vitro system.Methods: Four experimental treatments were used: i) annual ryegrass (CON), ii) 93% annual ryegrass +7% corn oil on a dry matter (DM) basis (OiL), iii) OiL with a low level (0.08% of dietary DM) of LPL (LLPL), and iv) OiL with a high level (0.16% of dietary DM) of LPL (HLPL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using strained rumen fluid for 48 h incubations. In vitro DM degradability (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and microbial diversity were estimated.Results: There was no significant change in IVDMD, pH, NH3-N, and total VFA production among treatments. The LPL supplementation significantly increased the proportion of butyrate and valerate (Linear effect [Lin], p = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The LPL supplementation tended to increase the total bacteria in a linear manner (p = 0.089). There were significant decreases in the relative proportions of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) and lipolytic (Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) bacteria with increasing levels of LPL supplementation (Lin, p = 0.028, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively).Conclusion: The LPL supplementation had antimicrobial effects on several cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, with no significant difference in nutrient degradability (DM and neutral detergent fiber) and general bacterial counts, suggesting that LPL supplementation might increase the enzymatic activity of rumen bacteria. Therefore, LPL supplementation may be more effective as an antimicrobial agent rather than as an emulsifier in the rumen.

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Rumen-buffering capacity using dietary sources and in vitro gas fermentation

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15466 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sungchhang Kang ◽

Metha Wanapat

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Buffering Capacity ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Fermentation Efficiency ◽

Rumen Ph ◽

Gas Fermentation

The present study aimed to compare the effect of the rumen-buffering capacity of dietary sources and urea supplementation on ruminal kinetic gas production, rumen pH and fermentation efficiency and degradability, using in vitro gas-production techniques. The treatments were arranged according to a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design. The first factor was a rumen-buffering source, including the following: no buffering, and supplementation of 2% of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 2% of banana flower powder I (BAFLOP-I; Musa (AAA group)) or 2% of BAFLOP-II (Musa sapientum L.) in total substrate. The second factor was urea supplementation at 0, 3% or 6% of total substrate, as a non-protein nitrogen source. Dietary substrate was provided by roughage–concentrate fed at a ratio of 30 : 70 and two rumen-fistulated dairy steers were used as rumen-fluid donors. The chemical compositions and mineral element contents of both BAFLOP-I and BAFLOP-II were similar. The pH declined below 6.0 as a result of using a high concentrate ratio; however, inclusion of buffering sources increased the pH, which led to an improvement of efficiency of rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, microbial growth and nutrient digestibility. The intercept values for the different treatments representing gas production from soluble fractions, gas production from the insoluble fraction, gas production rate, potential extent of gas production and cumulative gas production (120 h of incubation) were significantly different between no buffering and buffering groups (P < 0.05) and increased with an increasing level of urea supplementation. Moreover, in vitro true and neutral detergent fibre digestibility as well as the number of ruminal microorganisms by direct counts (protozoa, fungi and bacteria) were higher with supplementation of buffering sources and increased linearly with an increasing supplementation level of urea. However, under the present study, there were no differences among the effects of the three buffering agents (NaHCO3, BAFLOP-I and BAFLOP-II) on ruminal kinetic gas production, rumen pH and fermentation efficiency, and digestibility (P > 0.05). In addition, the concentration of ruminal ammonia-nitrogen increased with an increasing level of urea supplementation. On the basis of the present experiment, it can be concluded that supplementation of BAFLOP either with or without urea as non-protein nitrogen could enhance rumen ecology and digestibility. The present study suggested that either BAFLOP-I or BAFLOP-II could be used as a dietary rumen-buffering agent supplemented at 2%, together with urea at up to 6% of total diet substrate, when animals are fed a diet of roughage–concentrate at an ratio of 30 : 70, with rice straw as the main roughage source.

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Yield, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal variables, and degradability of ensiled amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays) silage

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Shadi ◽

Yousef Rouzbehan ◽

Javad Rezaei ◽

Hassan Fazaeli

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Block Design ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria

Abstract Silages from four amaranth varieties (A5, A12, A14, and A28) were compared with corn silage (CS) in terms of their yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, in vitro methane production, organic matter disappearance (OMD), microbial crude protein (MCP), ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), pH, volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic bacteria numbers, protozoa counts, and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. Forages were harvested 93 d after planting, chopped, and ensiled in plastic buckets for 60 d. The study was based on a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed using SAS, general linear model (GLM) procedure for normal distribution. Compared with CS, amaranth silages (AMS) had lower ash-free neutral detergent fiber nitrate, OMD (P < 0.001), phosphorus (P = 0.003), and metabolizable energy (ME) (P = 0.043) but higher (P < 0.001) CP, calcium, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent lignin, ether extract, ash, total phenolics, pH, NH3-N concentration, MCP, digestible undegradable protein (DUP), and metabolizable protein (MP). Fresh, OM, OMD, ME (P < 0.001), and DM (P = 0.032) yields of AMS from different varieties were higher than CS, with the exception of A5. Overall, amaranth made good quality silage, with some variation, and A28 had the highest yield and nutritional value (CP, NFC, MCP, DUP, and MP). The yield, CP concentration, and nutritional value of A28 silage were higher than CS. Although these in vitro results are promising, they also need to be validated with future in vivo research.

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