Portuguese Primary Care physicians response rate in surveys: A systematic review

Summary Introduction: Surveys are a useful tool in primary care. However, low response rates can introduce selection bias, impairing both external and internal validity. The aim of this study was to assess the average response rate in surveys with Portuguese general practitioners (GPs). Method: We searched the Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PsychInfo, SciELO, IndexRMP, RCAAP, Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar, Acta Médica Portuguesa and the proceedings of conferences of general practice from incepton to December 2016. We included all postal, e-mail, telephone and personal surveys to primary care physicians without language restrictions. We did not assess risk of bias of included studies, since the main outcome was survey response rate. We performed planned subgroup analyses of the use of monetary incentives, the use of non-monetary incentives, survey delivery modes and prior contact with participants. Results: A total of 1,094 papers were identified and 37 studies were included in this review. The response rate in surveys done to Portuguese GPs was 56% (95CI 47-64%). There was substantial heterogeneity among included studies (I2=99%), but subgroup analysis did not explain this heterogeneity. Conclusion: Consistent with other published studies, the average response rate in surveys done with Portuguese GPs was 56%, with substantial variation among studies. Use of monetary incentives, one of the most effective strategies to increase response rates, was not present in any of the included studies.

Download Full-text

Effect of Recruitment Methods on Response Rate in a Web-Based Study for Primary Care Physicians: Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.8561 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ryuhei So ◽

Kiyomi Shinohara ◽

Takuya Aoki ◽

Yasushi Tsujimoto ◽

Aya M Suganuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Response Rate ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Response Rates ◽

Risk Difference ◽

Web Based ◽

Subject Line ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Subject

BACKGROUND Low participation rates are one of the most serious disadvantages of Web-based studies. It is necessary to develop effective strategies to improve participation rates to obtain sufficient data. OBJECTIVE The objective of this trial was to investigate the effect of emphasizing the incentive in the subject line of the invitation email and the day of the week of sending the invitation email on the participation rate in a Web-based trial. METHODS We conducted a 2×2 factorial design randomized controlled trial. We contacted 2000 primary care physicians from members of the Japan Primary Care Association in January 2017 and randomly allocated them to 1 of 4 combinations of 2 subject lines (presence or absence of an emphasis on a lottery for an Amazon gift card worth 3000 yen or approximately US $30) and 2 delivery days (sending the invitation email on Tuesday or Friday). The primary outcome was the response rate defined as the number of participants answering the first page of the questionnaire divided by the number of invitation emails delivered. All outcomes were collected between January 17, 2017, and February 8, 2017. RESULTS We analyzed data from 1943 out of 2000 participants after excluding those whose email addresses were invalid. The overall response rate was 6.3% (123/1943). There was no significant difference in the response rates between the 2 groups regarding incentive in the subject line: the risk ratio was 1.12 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.58) and the risk difference was 0.7% (95% CI –1.5% to 2.9%). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the response rates between the 2 groups regarding sending the email on Tuesday or Friday: the risk ratio was 0.98 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.38) and the risk difference was –0.1% (95% CI –2.3% to 2.1%). CONCLUSIONS Neither emphasizing the incentive in the subject line of the invitation email nor varying the day of the week the invitation email was sent led to a meaningful increase in response rates in a Web-based trial with primary care physicians. CLINICALTRIAL University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000025317; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000029121 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation. org/6wOo1jl9t)

Download Full-text

Global Asthma Network Phase I Surveillance: Geographical Coverage and Response Rates

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9113688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3688

Author(s):

Philippa Ellwood ◽

Eamon Ellwood ◽

Charlotte Rutter ◽

Virginia Perez-Fernandez ◽

Eva Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase I ◽

Response Rate ◽

Asthma Management ◽

Response Rates ◽

Work Absence ◽

Average Response ◽

Average Response Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Work ◽

Management School

Background—The Global Asthma Network (GAN) Phase I is surveying school pupils in high-income and low- or middle-income countries using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) methodology. Methods—Cross-sectional surveys of participants in two age groups in randomly selected schools within each centre (2015–2020). The compulsory age group is 13–14 years (adolescents), optionally including parents or guardians. Six to seven years (children) and their parents are also optional. Adolescents completed questionnaires at school, and took home adult questionnaires for parent/guardian completion. Children took home questionnaires for parent/guardian completion about the child and also adult questionnaires. Questions related to symptoms and risk factors for asthma and allergy, asthma management, school/work absence and hospitalisation. Results—53 centres in 20 countries completed quality checks by 31 May 2020. These included 21 centres that previously participated in ISAAC. There were 132,748 adolescents (average response rate 88.8%), 91,802 children (average response rate 79.1%), and 177,622 adults, with >97% answering risk factor questions and >98% answering questions on asthma management, school/work absence and hospitalisation. Conclusion—The high response rates achieved in ISAAC have generally been maintained in GAN. GAN Phase I surveys, partially overlapping with ISAAC centres, will allow within-centre analyses of time-trends in prevalence.

Download Full-text

Recruitment and participation of a survey in a public–private primary care setting: experience from the QUALICOPC Malaysia

Primary Health Care Research & Development ◽

10.1017/s1463423620000511 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Masliyana Husin ◽

Norazida Ab Rahman ◽

Xin Ci Wong ◽

Kamaliah Mohamad Noh ◽

Seng Fah Tong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Response Rate ◽

Research Participation ◽

Response Rates ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Public And Private ◽

Face To Face ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Primary Care Doctors ◽

Urban Rural

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this paper is to describe the recruitment strategies, the response rates and the reasons for non-response of Malaysian public and private primary care doctors in an international survey on the quality, cost and equity in primary care. Background: Low research participation by primary care doctors, especially those working in the private sector, is a challenge to quality benchmarking. Methods: Primary care doctors were sampled through multi-stage sampling. The first stage-sampling unit was the primary care clinics, which were randomly sampled from five states in Malaysia to reflect their proportions in two strata – sector (public/private) and location (urban/rural). Strategies through endorsement, personalised invitation, face-to-face interview and non-monetary incentives were used to recruit public and private doctors. Data collection was carried out by fieldworkers through structured questionnaires. Findings: A total of 221 public and 239 private doctors participated in the study. Among the public doctors, 99.5% response rates were obtained. Among the private doctors, a 32.8% response rate was obtained. Totally, 30% of private clinics were uncontactable by telephone, and when these were excluded, the overall response rate is 46.8%. The response rate of the private clinics across the states ranges from 31.5% to 34.0%. A total of 167 answered the non-respondent questionnaire. Among the non-respondents, 77.4 % were male and 22.6% female (P = 0.011). There were 33.6% of doctors older than 65 years (P = 0.003) and 15.9% were from the state of Sarawak (P = 0.016) when compared to non-respondents. Reason for non-participation included being too busy (51.8%), not interested (32.9%), not having enough patients (9.1%) and did not find it beneficial (7.9%). Our study demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining favourable response rate in a survey involving doctors from public and private primary care settings

Download Full-text

E-Mail Marketing

International Journal of Online Marketing ◽

10.4018/ijom.2021100104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 63-83

Author(s):

Albérico Travassos Rosário

Keyword(s):

Return On Investment ◽

Response Rates ◽

Research Paper ◽

Business Environment ◽

Marketing Channels ◽

Cognitive Responses ◽

Legal Requirements ◽

Email Marketing ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

E Mail

Email marketing is a considerable development and includes direct emails, transactional emails, and email newsletters to attract new customers and retain existing ones. This research paper aims to identify and synthesize literature on the effectiveness of email marketing and potential challenges affecting its proper implementation. The research establishes that businesses in the current business environment recognize email marketing's capacity to produce a higher return on investment and generate more sales than traditional marketing channels, such as television. The adoption of permission-based email marketing enables establishing strong relationships between companies and their target audiences, developing emotional, conative, and cognitive responses to the distributed messages. Therefore, salespersons should ensure compliance with legal requirements in email marketing and develop effective strategies of reducing spam emails to avoid negative impressions and increase response rates.

Download Full-text

Primary Care Tracks in Medical Schools

PRiMER ◽

10.22454/primer.2019.799272 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Maribeth P. Williams ◽

Denny Fe Agana ◽

Benjamin J. Rooks ◽

Grant Harrell ◽

Rosemary A. Klassen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Medical Students ◽

Family Medicine ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Response Rate ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Medical Schools ◽

Clerkship Director ◽

Medicine Clerkship ◽

Faculty Mentorship

Introduction: With the estimated future shortage of primary care physicians there is a need to recruit more medical students into family medicine. Longitudinal programs or primary care tracks in medical schools have been shown to successfully recruit students into primary care. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of primary care tracks in departments of family medicine. Methods: Data were collected as part of the 2016 CERA Family Medicine Clerkship Director Survey. The survey included questions regarding the presence and description of available primary care tracks as well as the clerkship director’s perception of impact. The survey was distributed via email to 125 US and 16 Canadian family medicine clerkship directors. Results: The response rate was 86%. Thirty-five respondents (29%) reported offering a longitudinal primary care track. The majority of tracks select students on a competitive basis, are directed by family medicine educators, and include a wide variety of activities. Longitudinal experience in primary care ambulatory settings and primary care faculty mentorship were the most common activities. Almost 70% of clerkship directors believe there is a positive impact on students entering primary care. Conclusions: The current tracks are diverse in what they offer and could be tailored to the missions of individual medical schools. The majority of clerkship directors reported that they do have a positive impact on students entering primary care.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Impact of E-mail and Postcard Prenotification on Response Rates to a Mail Survey in an Academic Setting

Journal of Applied Social Science ◽

10.1177/193672440800200108 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 94-103

Author(s):

Leslie A. McCallister ◽

Bobette Otto

Keyword(s):

Response Rate ◽

Mail Survey ◽

Response Rates ◽

Impact Response ◽

Full Time ◽

Initial Mailing ◽

Project Costs ◽

The Impact ◽

E Mail ◽

Time Faculty

What techniques effectively and consistently impact response rates to a mail survey? No clear answer to this question exists, largely because variability in response rates occurs depending on the population of interest, questionnaire type, and procedures used by researchers. This article examines the impact of e-mail and postcard prenotification on response rates to a mail survey by using a population of university full-time faculty and staff. Comparisons were made among respondents who received a postcard prenotification, those who received an e-mail prenotification, and those who received no prenotification prior to the initial mailing of a questionnaire. Data show that e-mail prenotification had the largest impact on response rate, while postcard prenotification had the least impact. In addition, the use of e-mail prenotification reduced overall project costs (both time and money). We suggest that the uses and applicability of e-mail prenotification be further explored to examine both its initial and overall impact on response rate in populations utilizing an electronic environment.

Download Full-text

US Primary Care in 2029: A Delphi Survey on the Impact of Machine Learning

10.1101/2020.05.08.20095224 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte Blease ◽

Anna Kharko ◽

Cosima Locher ◽

Catherine M. DesRoches ◽

Kenneth D. Mandl

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Health Informatics ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Response Rate ◽

Digital Health ◽

Training Requirements ◽

Modified Delphi ◽

Primary Care Workforce ◽

The Us ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo solicit leading health informaticians’ predictions about the impact of AI/ML on primary care in the US in 2029.DesignA three-round online modified Delphi poll.ParticipantsTwenty-nine leading health informaticians.MethodsIn September 2019, health informatics experts were selected by the research team, and invited to participate the Delphi poll. Participation in each round was anonymous, and panelists were given between 4-8 weeks to respond to each round. In Round 1 open-ended questions solicited forecasts on the impact of AI/ML on: (1) patient care, (2) access to care, (3) the primary care workforce, (4) technological breakthroughs, and (5) the long-future for primary care physicians. Responses were coded to produce itemized statements. In Round 2, participants were invited to rate their agreement with each item along 7-point Likert scales. Responses were analyzed for consensus which was set at a predetermined interquartile range of ≤ 1. In Round 3 items that did not reach consensus were redistributed.ResultsA total of 16 experts participated in Round 1 (16/29, 55%). Of these experts 13/16 (response rate, 81%), and 13/13 (response rate, 100%), responded to Rounds 2 and 3, respectively. As a result of developments in AI/ML by 2029 experts anticipated workplace changes including incursions into the disintermediation of physician expertise, and increased AI/ML training requirements for medical students. Informaticians also forecast that by 2029 AI/ML will increase diagnostic accuracy especially among those with limited access to experts, minorities and those with rare diseases. Expert panelists also predicted that AI/ML-tools would improve access to expert doctor knowledge.ConclusionsThis study presents timely information on informaticians’ consensus views about the impact of AI/ML on US primary care in 2029. Preparation for the near-future of primary care will require improved levels of digital health literacy among patients and physicians.

Download Full-text

MENGUKUR MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA POLITEKNIK NEGERI BENGKALIS DENGAN ADANYA PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM MAHASISWA BERWIRAUSAHA (PMW)

Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis ◽

10.35314/inovbiz.v8i2.1599 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Dwi Astuti ◽

Nazrantika Sunarto ◽

Supriati Supriati

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Response Rate ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Stratified Random Sampling ◽

Average Response ◽

Average Response Rate ◽

Very High

This study aims to determine how the students' interest in entrepreneurship, the most dominant interest in entrepreneurship among students, and the lowest interest in entrepreneurship among students of Bengkalis State Polytechnic. The population in this study were active students of Bengkalis State Polytechnic in 2019, with a sample size of 100 students, and the sampling technique used was proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that of the four indicators of entrepreneurial interest, namely feeling motivated, feeling interested, feeling happy, and having a desire to be entrepreneurial, the overall criteria are very high, the most dominant is feeling happy to be entrepreneurial with an average response of 4.64 , while the lowest was feeling motivated to become entrepreneurial with an average response rate of 4.21.

Download Full-text

Testing e-mail content to encourage physicians to access an audit and feedback tool: a factorial randomized experiment

Current Oncology ◽

10.3747/co.26.4829 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Vaisson ◽

H. O. Witteman ◽

S. Chipenda-Dansokho ◽

M. Saragosa ◽

Z. Bouck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Behaviour Change ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Factorial Experiment ◽

Audit And Feedback ◽

Behaviour Change Techniques ◽

E Mail

Background In Ontario, an online audit and feedback tool that provides primary care physicians with detailed information about patients who are overdue for cancer screening is underused. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effect of messages operationalizing 3 behaviour change techniques on access to the audit and feedback tool and on cancer screening rates.Methods During May–September 2017, a pragmatic 2×2×2 factorial experiment tested 3 behaviour change techniques: anticipated regret, material incentive, and problem-solving. Outcomes were assessed using routinely collected administrative data. A qualitative process evaluation explored how and why the e-mail messages did or did not support Screening Activity Report access.Results Of 5449 primary care physicians randomly allocated to 1 of 8 e-mail messages, fewer than half opened the messages and fewer than 1 in 10 clicked through the messages. Messages with problem-solving content were associated with a 12.9% relative reduction in access to the tool (risk ratio: 0.871; 95% confidence interval: 0.791 to 0.958; p = 0.005), but a 0.3% increase in cervical cancer screening (rate ratio: 1.003; 95% confidence interval: 1.001 to 1.006; p = 0.003). If true, that association would represent 7568 more patients being screened. No other significant effects were observed.Conclusions For audit and feedback to work, recipients must engage with the data; for e-mail messages to prompt activity, recipients must open and review the message content. This large factorial experiment demonstrated that small changes in the content of such e-mail messages might influence clinical behaviour. Future research should focus on strategies to make cancer screening more user-centred.

Download Full-text

Primary Care Role in the Management of Childhood Depression: A Comparison of Pediatricians and Family Physicians

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.105.s3.957 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 105 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 957-962

Author(s):

Jerry L. Rushton ◽

Sarah J. Clark ◽

Gary L. Freed

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

North Carolina ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Response Rate ◽

Childhood Depression ◽

Mail Survey ◽

Family Physicians ◽

Future Studies

Objective. To provide a self-described assessment of pediatricians' and family physicians' management of childhood depression. Design. Mail survey of 595 general pediatricians and 557 family physicians in North Carolina. Results. The response rate was 66%. Most primary care physicians used referral (65%) and counseling (61%) for management of childhood depression. Family physicians used medications more commonly (18% vs 9%), and pediatricians referred patients more commonly (77% vs 48%). In logistic regression analysis, physicians comfortable with management of depression (odds ratio [OR], 4.8: 2.7–8.4), physicians who believed that antidepressants are more effective than counseling (OR, 2.6: 1.4–4.8), and family physicians (OR, 2.2: 1.9–4.1) were more likely to have used medications for childhood depression. Conclusions. Most primary care physicians refer pediatric patients with depression; however, practice patterns vary by specialty and other factors. Future studies must consider the role of primary care and evaluate how interspecialty variations affect costs and outcomes of childhood depression.

Download Full-text