Agricultural tractor traction efficiency by changing the mass distribution between axles and speed

ABSTRACT The traction efficiency of the agricultural tractor can be maximized by adjusting the total mass and its distribution between the axles. The experiment’s objective was to determine the configuration of mass distribution between axles and the displacement speed that provides greater traction efficiency in the harrowing operation. A randomized block design in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme with five replications was used. The first factor was two mass distributions between axles, and the second factor was three gears. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test. The condition that maximizes the tractor’s performance corresponds to 39% of the total mass on the front axle and 61% on the rear axle, with a gear that provides speed close to 10 km h-1.

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Influences of two CO2 concentrations and water availability on bean crop

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162013000400012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 730-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

João B. L. da Silva ◽

Paulo A. Ferreira ◽

Luanna C. Pires ◽

Eduardo G. Pereira ◽

José E. S. Carneiro

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Water Availability ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Temperature ◽

High Co2 ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Bean Crop

This study was carried out to determine some physiological and phenological responses of the bean under high [CO2] and drought stress. The experiment was conducted from April to July 2009 in Viçosa, Brazil. The open-top chambers were used to enrich the air with CO2, whereas the drought stress was applied between the flowering and the ripening. The randomized block design was used, with four replicates in the subplots. The following plots were [CO2] at 700ppm (F1) and [CO2] environmental (F2) and the subplots were well watering (S1) and drought stress (S2). The results were subjected to Anova and the Tukey test (P < 0.05). For the treatments F1S1 and F1S2 the photosynthetic rate showed increments of 59% and the transpiration reduction of 12%. The yield, leaf temperature and stomatal conductance were not significant different to high [CO2], different from the dry matter, who showed increment of 20% (F1S1) and the water use efficiency who showed increase of 90% for high [CO2]. The osmotic potential was lower in plants under drought stress (F2S2 and F1S2), followed by plants under high [CO2] (F1S1). Despite the increment in photosynthesis, high [CO2] does not guarantee higher yield.

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DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP HASIL TANAMAN PADI DI KAWASAN DANAU SINGKARAK

Jurnal Agrium ◽

10.29103/agrium.v15i1.683 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Yummama Karmaita

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Rice Field ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Block Design ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Panicle Length ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Rice Genotypes

This study aims to: (a) see the results of several genotypes of rice crops grown on paddy fields with drought stress, (b) to obtain the type of paddy rice genotype in drought-affected paddy fields. This research was conducted in Simusan rice field, Rambatan sub-district, Tanah Datar district and Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Andalas University, West Sumatra. This research used Randomized Block Design (RBD) method using 7 rice genotypes, 6 rice field genotypes and 1 genotype of upland rice as a comparison. If F value is greater than F table 5% it needs to be continued using Tukey test at 5%. The results revealed that in general, all the rice genotypes tested in showed good results on paddy fields that suffered drought stress, where all these genotypes showed a significantly different effect on the number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, the percentage of unpaid grain per panicle.

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Preferência do Pulgão-Preto, Aphis Craccivora Koch, a Dois Diferentes Genótipos de Feijão-Caupi, Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽

10.17921/1415-5141.2018v22n1p24-27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Kleyton Rezende Ferreira ◽

César Murilo de Albuquerque Correa ◽

Rodrigo Lemos Gil ◽

Luciano Rodrigo Lanssanova ◽

Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Block Design ◽

Aphis Craccivora ◽

Tukey Test ◽

The North ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Resistance To Insects ◽

Plant Resistance To Insects ◽

Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽

Different Populations

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) destaca-se por sua importância socioeconômica para as famílias das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. O pulgão preto (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) destaca-se na cultura do feijão-caupi por ser considerado como uma das principais pragas que afetam negativamente a sua produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a preferência de A. craccivora por dois diferentes genótipos de feijão-caupi (Cauamé e Tapaihum) em condições de campo. O experimento contou com 5 populações diferentes para cada genótipo. As coletas dos dados foram realizadas nos dias 17/05, 29/05 e 07/06 do ano de 2013. Nesses dias foi realizada a contagem do número de pulgões que infestavam o pecíolo e o trifólio mais jovem de oito plantas ao acaso, em cada parcela o delineamento estatístico experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos (5 populações do genótipo Cauamé e 5 populações do genótipo Tapaihum) e quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas e transformadas em √x+1 pelo teste de Tukey a 5% no software ESTAT. Os pulgões observados nos genótipos de Feijão-caupi variaram de zero para Cauamé 12 a 6,88 no genótipo Tapaihum 6, nas observações do dia 29/05/2013, sendo a maior média do número de pulgões entre todas as populações dos genótipos (4,79) no dia 17/05/2013 e a menor (0,17). O pulgão A. craccivora não tem preferência entre os genótipos Cauamé e Tapaihum.Palavras-chave: Antixenose. Feijão de Corda. Resistência de Planta a Insetos.AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) stands out for its socioeconomic importance for the families of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Black aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) stands out in the cowpea culture because it is considered one of the main pests that negatively affect its production. The aim of this study was to verify the preference of A. craccivora for cowpea genotypes under field conditions. The preference of black aphid to two different genotypes (Cauamé and Tapaihum) of Cowpea was evaluated. The experiment consisted of 5 different populations for each genotype. The data were collected on 05/17, 05/29 and 06/07 of the year 2013. In those days, the number of aphids that infested the petiole and the young trifolium of eight plants at random were counted, in each plot a randomized block design was performed with 10 treatments (5 populations of the Cauamé genotype and 5 populations of the Tapaihum genotype) and four replications. Data were subjected to ANOVA and the means compared and transformed in √x + 1 by the Tukey test (5%) in ESTAT software. The aphids observed in the cowpea genotypes ranged from zero to Cauamé 12 to 6.88 in the Tapaihum 6 genotype, the observations of may/29th/2013 were the highest mean of aphids among all populations of the genotypes (4.79) and on may/17th/2013 the lowest (0.17). The A. craccivora aphid has no preference between the Cauamé and Tapaihum Genotypes.Keywords: Antixenosis. Feijão de Corda. Plant Resistance to Insects.

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Ruptura de la latencia física y germinación de semillas de Chiranthodendron pentadactylon (Malvaceae)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.2094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 211

Author(s):

Maribel Apodaca-Martínez ◽

Victor Manuel Cetina Alcalá ◽

Jesús Jasso-Mata ◽

Miguel Ángel López-López ◽

Héctor González-Rosas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Block Design ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Seedling Production ◽

Juvenile Period ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Germination Speed

Backgraund: The low availability, low percentage of germination, pests, and juvenile period higher than 25 years, are the problems to propagate C. pentadactylon by seed.Hypothesis: There is morphophysiological variation of the seeds between trees and the pregerminative treatments increase the percentage and speed of germination in seeds with six months of storage at room temperature.Species studied: Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat.Study site and year of study: Postgrado en Ciencias Forestales, Campus Montecillo, Estado de Mexico, Mex. June, 2016Methods: The moisture content, the viability and the effect of pregerminative treatments on the percentage and speed of germination of the seeds were determined. A randomized block design was used. The random blocks included the treatments: 1 (mechanical scarification + cold stratification at 5 ° C for 5 days), 2 (mechanical scarification + imbibition for 12 h), 3 (mechanical scarification + cut at the base of the seed) and 4 (control). The treatments were randomized within each block.Results: The moisture content was less than 10 % and the viability was 100 %. Significant differences between treatments were found for germination percent. The Tukey test (α = 0.05) showed differences between pregerminative treatments 1, 2 and 3 with respect to T4. Germination speed recorded the highest value in treatment 3.Conclusions: With treatments 1, 2 or 3, more than 77 % germination was obtained. Treatment 3 showed greater germination speed, which is important for seedling production.

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Maize Sowing Speeds and Seed-Metering Mechanisms

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n9p468 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 468

Author(s):

Antonio Tassio Santana Ormond ◽

Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani ◽

Mailson Freire de Oliveira ◽

Rafael Henrique de Freita Noronha ◽

Tiago de Oliveira Tavares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Longitudinal Distribution ◽

Final Population ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Velocity Effect ◽

Displacement Speed ◽

Sowing Machine ◽

Seed Metering Device

The intensifying use of machines in agriculture to increase operational capacity requires investments in more powerful and automated machines capable of working at higher speeds to meet the demands of agricultural activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sowing quality of a second crop maize using a pneumatic sowing machine equipped with two seed-metering devices at different displacement speeds. The statistical design was a randomized block design arranged in 6 × 2 factorial, with 4 replications, totaling 48 experimental plots. Where it was tested two seed-metering mechanisms from different manufacturers denominated A and B, and 6 displacement speeds of approximately 2.0; 4.7; 6.5; 9.1; 10.3 and 12.3 km h-1. The seed-metering mechanisms were compared by mean test while displacement speeds were compared by regression plots. The initial and final plant populations, seed depth, seedling longitudinal distribution (normal, faulty and double spacing) and grain yield were also evaluated. Displacement speed and seed-metering devices showed significant interaction only for the percentages of normal, faulty, and double spacings. The initial and final population presented an isolated effect for both the seed-metering devices and velocities. The seed depth showed an isolated velocity effect. The grain yield showed a significant isolated effect from the analyzed seed-metering devices. The seed-metering device B operating at lower speeds had better performance in the sowing process.

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Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk NPK dan Jenis Pupuk Pelengkap terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.)

JURNAL AGROTROPIKA ◽

10.23960/ja.v20i2.5085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Kus Hendarto ◽

Yohanes Cipta Ginting ◽

Agus Karyanto ◽

Virginia Chintya Amanda

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Block Design ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bartlett Test ◽

Homogeneity Of Variance ◽

Npk Fertilizer ◽

Difference Test

This study aims to determine the effect of NPK dosage, types of complementary fertilizers and their interactions on the growth and production of chilies pepper. This research was conducted in Sukabanjar Village, Gedong Tataan, Pesawaran Regency from July-December 2020. The experimental design used in this study was a two-factor randomized block design (RBD), namely the dose of NPK fertilizer and the type of complementary fertilizer (4 × 2) with 3 replications. Each plot consisted of 8 plants so that there were 192 plants. The first factor was NPK Mutiara fertilizer dose (16:16:16)(N) with N0:0 g/plant, N1:10 g/plant, N2:20 g/plant and N3:30 g/plant. The second factor is the type of complementary fertilizer (P) with P1 Plant Catalyst and P2 Gandasil D. Homogeneity of variance was tested by Bartlett test, additivity was tested by Tukey test. Then it was continued with analysist of variance and with the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at the 5% level. Treatment of NPK fertilizer dosage significantly increases growth and yield. The interaction between the NPK dosage of 20g/plant and type of complementary fertilizers gave highest plant height (95.58 cm). The best combination was NPK dosage of 20 g/plant and Plant Catalyst fertilizer that gave highest yield (753,17 g/plant equivalent 15.06 ton/ha at population 20,000 plant/ha.Keywords : Chili pepper, complimentary fertilizer, growth, NPK, yield

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Weed Interference on the Accumulation of Dry Mass and Macronutrients of Eggplant ‘Nápoli’

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

L.J.P. MARQUES ◽

M.S. BIANCO ◽

S. BIANCO ◽

A.B.C. FILHO ◽

W.R. CERVEIRA JR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Distribution ◽

Mineral Nutrition ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Maximum Reduction ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Growth And Nutrition

ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may affect both growth and nutrition of agricultural crops due to interference. The objective was to evaluate the interference of weeds in the dry mass distribution and in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients in eggplant. The treatments consisted of increasing weed-free and weedy periods (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 and 0-154 days after transplanting) in eggplant ‘Nápoli’. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Weeds affected the distribution of dry mass between vegetative and reproductive organs of eggplant. There was a significant reduction in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients when weeds grew with eggplant crop beyond 42 days after transplanting, reaching the maximum reduction of 79%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 83% and 80% in the accumulation of dry mass, K, N, Ca, Mg, P and S, respectively. Therefore, the weed community significantly affects the growth and mineral nutrition of eggplant ‘Napoli’, and there should be no weed-crop coexistence beyond 28 days after seedling transplanting.

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Physiological Effects of Insecticides and Fungicide, Applied in the Treatment of Seeds, on the Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seeds

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n4p318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 318 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Estevam M. Costa ◽

Bruno M. Nunes ◽

Matheus V. A. Ventura ◽

Roberto K. Mortate ◽

Muriel S. Vilarinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Treatment ◽

Block Design ◽

Physiological Effect ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Vegetative Development ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Rate Of Emergence

The initial protection of plants through the use of insecticides and fungicides has been shown to be efficient for a good management of pests and diseases, however the molecules used in seed treatment have demonstrated a physiological effect on germination and initial vegetative development. The present work had as objective the evaluation of the physiological effect caused by two insecticides and a fungicide on the germination and vigor of the seeds. A randomized block design with six treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were: T1-water; T2-Rocks® insecticide; T3-Insecticide Cruiser 350 FS®; T4-Maxim XL® fungicide; T5-Rocks® + Maxim XL® and T5-Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim XL®. The application of the treatments was performed according to the manufacturers’ recommendations and the percentage of germination of the seeds was evaluated, on paper and sand roll substrates, the rate of emergence, the total length of seedlings, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition and aging solution accelerated, with a later pattern of germination. The data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences for all variables except paper germination. The treatments that received the application of the Maxim XL fungicide demonstrated superiority, both in the evaluation of germination in sand substrate, and in the vigor evaluations of seeds and seedlings, while the treatments that received application of Rocks insecticide were inferior to the other.

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Karakteristik Teh Daun Bambu Tali (Gigantochloa apus Kurz.) pada Metode Blansir dan Suhu Pengeringan

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i03.p08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 388

Author(s):

I Gusti Ayu Krisna Dewi ◽

Luh Putu Wrasiati ◽

G.P. Ganda Putra

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Ash Content ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Tea Leaves ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Extract Content ◽

Two Factors

Bambu Tali leaves are part of bamboo plants that have not been used optimally. Bambu Tali leaves can be used as a refreshing drink. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of blanching and drying temperature on the characteristics of the Bambu Tali leaves and to determine method of blanching and drying temperature which can produce the best characteristics of Bambu Tali tea leaves. This study used a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor’s is the blanching method that is without blanching, steam blanching, and water blanching. The second factors that is drying temperature that consisting of 50oC, 60oC, and 70oC. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Tukey test. The results showed that the blanching treatment and drying temperature significantly affected the water content, ash content, extract content in water, total phenolic, IC50, and organoleptic test. The steam blanching treatment with a drying temperature of 70oC is the best treatment to produce Tali’s bamboo tea leaves with a characteristics of water content is 5.17%, ash content is 5.52%, extract content in water is 35.70%, total phenolic is 36.92 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant activity of IC50 2,629.06 ppm, and color scoring of sensory evaluation is 3.55 (yellowish green to green), taste scoring is 3.55 (slightly astringent to astringent), Scent scoring of 3.45 (slightly leaf scent to leaf scent), and overall reception 4.90 (rather like). Keywords: Gigantochloa apus Kurz., blanching, drying temperature, tea.

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Pengaruh Suhu Pencampuran dan Lama Pengadukan terhadap Karakteristik Sediaan Krim

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i02.p05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 200

Author(s):

Ida Bagus Bas Baskara ◽

Lutfi Suhendra ◽

Luh Putu Wrasiati

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Characteristic Viscosity ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Separation Ratio ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Stirring Time

This research aims to determine the effect of temperature and time of stirring on a basis cream and determine the temperature and time of stir which is the best treatment for producing basis cream. This research uses a randomized block design with two factorials. The first factor is temperature which is consists of 3 levels, temperature 60±20C, 70±20C and 80±20C. The second factor is the time of stirring which is consists of 3 levels 10, 15 and 20 minutes. From the combination of the two factors, were obtained of 9 experimental units. These treatments were grouped based on the time of implementation into two groups so that 18 experimental units. The observed variables are homogeneity, viscosity, adhesion, spread ability, separation ratio and pH. The data that obtained will be analyzed by analysis of variance and continued using the Tukey test. The treatment of mixing temperature and time of stirring affect the viscosity, adhesion, dispersion and separation ratio, while the treatment of mixing temperature and time of stirring did not significant effect on pH. The interaction between the two treatments can affects the adhesion, dispersion, separation ratio and pH, but not significantly affect viscosity. The treatment of mixing temperature 80±20C with time of stirring 20 minutes is the best treatment to produce basis cream with characteristic viscosity cream value of 46,000 cp, a adhesion time of 17.97 seconds, spread ability of 6.50 cm, a separation ratio of 0.83 and pH 6,45. Keywords: Mixing temperature, stirring time, cream characteristics, virgin coconut oil, cocoa butter.

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