scholarly journals Incremental Validity between the Wartegg and Rorschach tests (R-PAS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Pessotto ◽  
Ricardo Primi
Keyword(s):  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Formal Quality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Information Comprehension

Abstract Incremental validity indicates how much a measure can add prevision to a criterion, more than what can be previewed by other sources of data. In other words, it means how an instrument can complement and aid on information comprehension derived from another. The objective of the study was to verify evidence of incremental validity between the Wartegg and the Rorschach tests (R-PAS). A total of 40 subjects with ages varying between 21 to 70 years participated, divided into two groups, one composed by schizophrenia diagnosis and another, by subjects with a history of psychiatric diseases. Everybody responded to the Rorschach and Wartegg tests. The results indicated predictive capacity among the instruments of 75% for the variable Formal Quality, 98% for Movement and 100% for Content. New studies are suggested about validity evidences with larger samples as well as the analysis of other variables, not explored in this study.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and sociodemographic features of psychotic major depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-qi Wang ◽  
Ran-ran Wang ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Wei-feng Xiong ◽  
Ling Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Center ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
First Onset ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychotic Major Depression

Abstract Background Psychotic major depression (PMD) is a subtype of depression with a poor prognosis. Previous studies have failed to find many differences between patients with PMD and those with non-psychotic major depression (NMD) or schizophrenia (SZ). We compared sociodemographic factors (including season of conception) and clinical characteristics between patients with PMD, NMD, and schizophrenia. Our aim was to provide data to help inform clinical diagnoses and future etiology research. Methods This study used data of all patients admitted to Shandong Mental Health Center from June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. We analyzed cases who had experienced an episode of PMD (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes F32.3, F33.3), NMD (F32.0–2/9, F33.0–2/9), and SZ (F20–20.9). Data on sex, main discharge diagnosis, date of birth, ethnicity, family history of psychiatric diseases, marital status, age at first onset, education, allergy history, and presence of trigger events were collected. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression analyses. Missing values were filled using the k-nearest neighbor method. Results PMD patients were more likely to have a family history of psychiatric diseases in their first-, second-, and third-degree relatives ([OR] 1.701, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.019–2.804) and to have obtained a higher level of education (OR 1.451, 95% CI 1.168–1.808) compared with depression patients without psychotic features. Compared to PMD patients, schizophrenia patients had lower education (OR 0.604, 95% CI 0.492–0.741), were more often divorced (OR 3.087, 95% CI 1.168–10.096), had a younger age of onset (OR 0.934, 95% CI 0.914–0.954), less likely to have a history of allergies (OR 0.604, 95% CI 0.492–0.741), and less likely to have experienced a trigger event 1 year before first onset (OR 0.420, 95% CI 0.267–0.661). Season of conception, ethnicity, and sex did not differ significantly between PMD and NMD or schizophrenia and PMD. Conclusions PMD patients have more similarities with NMD patients than SZ patients in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. The differences found between PMD and SZ, and PMD and NMD correlated with specificity of the diseases. Furthermore, allergy history should be considered in future epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Shorter ◽  
Max Fink
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of

Catatonia is a syndrome that is identifiable, verifiable, and eminently treatable, unlike other disorders in the roster of psychiatric diseases. Catatonia is not a form of “schizophrenia,” and, although it may “piggyback” on other diseases, it is also a disease in its own right. Today, catatonia is often not recognized; clinicians and the public are more familiar with the term as a subtype of “schizophrenia.” Failure to diagnose it is very common. This introduction documents the earliest descriptions of the disorder and its treatment and gives a brief history of the acceptance of the term “catatonia” by the psychiatric discipline. The authors emphasize the importance of recognizing the symptoms of catatonia and appreciating how straightforward its treatment is. Proper recognition is important because catatonia may be life-threatening, so diagnosing and treating it properly are matters of importance.

scholarly journals Professional Wargaming: A Flawed but Useful Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-631
Author(s):  
John Curry
Keyword(s):  
Game Design ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tool Set ◽  
The Military ◽  
Retrospective Examination

Rationale for the Article. Professional wargames have long been an integral part of the tool set used by the military. The literature includes many examples of wargames that have been successful in terms of training, military education, procurement, operational analysis and planning for war. However, retrospective examination demonstrates that many of these professional wargames also had major errors in them and by implication current games about future confrontations are similarly flawed. Nevertheless, the academic evidence is clear that such games are still invaluable tools. Methodology. Ten years of research into the development of wargames undertaken by the History of Wargaming Project has analysed and made generally available more professional wargames than ever before. Retrospective examination of a sample of these declassified games, from the British War Office Rules (1896) to more recent games about the Ukraine, shows significant errors. Value. Demonstrating that professional games had errors in the past opens challenges the overconfidence in the predictive capacity of games. It also raises the possibility for future research to identify game design bias and to develop better games in the future. Understanding the value of better games, even with their inherent issues, raise the possibility of better preparing decision makers for the future. Notes. The words wargame and game are used interchangeably in this article. Whilst the techniques used in professional gaming evolved from modelling the battlefield, modern professional gaming is increasingly focussed on other situations that are not war, such as state level confrontations, trade wars, politics, cyber conflict, banking crisis etc. Using the term wargame seems inappropriate when for example, gaming a shipping dispute. All the games referred to this article, unless otherwise noted, are professional wargames, used by military, government, public sector bodies and other parties directly involved in real world issues. The prefix professional has been omitted for brevity in most places.

scholarly journals Independent validation of a predictive nomogram for risk of reinfection in women with recurrent non-complicated urinary tract infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175628722092242
Author(s):  
Marcelo Gonzales Favoreto ◽  
Emerson Pereira Gregorio ◽  
Marcio Augusto Averbeck ◽  
Silvio Henrique Maia de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Time To Recurrence ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections

Aims: Independent external validation of a predictive nomogram for risk of reinfection in women with a history of non-complicated recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted to validate the LUTIRE nomogram in a Brazilian female cohort. The nomogram was applied to 81 women presenting non-complicated recurring UTI screened at a urological clinic. External validation was performed using the nomogram variables in patients followed up from January 2014 to December 2016 at a urological clinic. Accuracy of the nomogram was obtained by analyzing the predictive capacity observed in the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the ability of the nomogram variables to predict the recurrence of UTI over 12 months. The time to recurrence of infection was calculated using a Kaplan–Meier curve and the log-rank test with calculation of the hazard ratio. Results: The mean age of the study population was 42.8 years; 57 women (70.37%) had recurrence. The independent variables with statistical significance in the multivariate analysis were gram-negative bacteria [odds ratio (OR) 18.38; p = 0.03897] and number of UTIs in the past 12 months (OR 25.11; p = 0.00006). The accuracy of the nomogram for discriminating patients who had UTI recurrence was 82.6% (95% CI = 72.5–90.1). Conclusion: The LUTIRE nomogram showed good accuracy among Brazilian women with recurrent UTI.

scholarly journals Location of intracranial aneurysms is the main factor associated with rupture in the ICAN population

2020 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-324371
Author(s):  
Olivia Rousseau ◽  
Matilde Karakachoff ◽  
Alban Gaignard ◽  
Lise Bellanger ◽  
Philippe Bijlenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mlr Model

Background and purposeThe ever-growing availability of imaging led to increasing incidentally discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). We leveraged machine-learning techniques and advanced statistical methods to provide new insights into rupture intracranial aneurysm (RIA) risks.MethodsWe analysed the characteristics of 2505 patients with intracranial aneurysms (IA) discovered between 2016 and 2019. Baseline characteristics, familial history of IA, tobacco and alcohol consumption, pharmacological treatments before the IA diagnosis, cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, headaches, allergy and atopy, IA location, absolute IA size and adjusted size ratio (aSR) were analysed with a multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model. A random forest (RF) method globally assessed the risk factors and evaluated the predictive capacity of a multivariate model.ResultsAmong 994 patients with RIA (39.7%) and 1511 patients with UIA (60.3 %), the MLR showed that IA location appeared to be the most significant factor associated with RIA (OR, 95% CI: internal carotid artery, reference; middle cerebral artery, 2.72, 2.02–3.58; anterior cerebral artery, 4.99, 3.61–6.92; posterior circulation arteries, 6.05, 4.41–8.33). Size and aSR were not significant factors associated with RIA in the MLR model and antiplatelet-treatment intake patients were less likely to have RIA (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55–0.98). IA location, age, following by aSR were the best predictors of RIA using the RF model.ConclusionsThe location of IA is the most consistent parameter associated with RIA. The use of ‘artificial intelligence’ RF helps to re-evaluate the contribution and selection of each risk factor in the multivariate model.

Drugs—A Tool for Research in Psychiatry

1961 ◽  
Vol 107 (446) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Effect ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symptom Complex

The history of medicine reveals man's search for drugs to ease his diseases and possibly cure them. Advances have been made pharmacologically in the treatment and prevention of many infectious diseases. While psychiatry has benefited from these discoveries in the treatment of certain infections of the central nervous system, in general, the treatment of psychiatric diseases remains largely empirical. The psychopharmacologic treatment of psychiatric diseases continues to be based on the presenting symptom-complex of the patient; this is because the aetiology is still unknown, for in reality our explanations do not explain. The phrenotropic drugs currently used in psychiatry are important for their pharmacodynamic effect since they change the cellular environment in which mental processes are maintained. Pharmacodynamic research in psychiatry has revealed possible neuroanatomical sites and many biochemical effects of these drugs. The specific correlation of these findings with clinical effects is lacking. When this is accomplished, it is probable that better drugs will be developed.

scholarly journals Prevalence of unrecognized depression in patients with chronic pain without a history of psychiatric diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Jin Lee ◽  
Eun Joo Choi ◽  
Francis Sahngun Nahm ◽  
In Young Yoon ◽  
Pyung Bok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Maternal Separation Followed by Chronic Mild Stress in Adulthood Is Associated with Concerted Epigenetic Regulation of AP-1 Complex Genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Lene Lundgaard Donovan ◽  
Kim Henningsen ◽  
Anne Flou Kristensen ◽  
Ove Wiborg ◽  
John Dirk Nieland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Deprivation Model

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental diseases worldwide. Patients with psychiatric diseases often have a history of childhood neglect, indicating that early-life experiences predispose to psychiatric diseases in adulthood. Two strong models were used in the present study: the maternal separation/early deprivation model (MS) and the chronic mild stress model (CMS). In both models, we found changes in the expression of a number of genes such as Creb and Npy. Strikingly, there was a clear regulation of expression of four genes involved in the AP-1 complex: c-Fos, c-Jun, FosB, and Jun-B. Interestingly, different expression levels were observed depending on the model, whereas the combination of the models resulted in a normal level of gene expression. The effects of MS and CMS on gene expression were associated with distinct histone methylation/acetylation patterns of all four genes. The epigenetic changes, like gene expression, were also dependent on the specific stressor or their combination. The obtained results suggest that single life events leave a mark on gene expression and the epigenetic signature of gene promoters, but a combination of different stressors at different life stages can further change gene expression through epigenetic factors, possibly causing the long-lasting adverse effects of stress.

scholarly journals Predicting Independence 6 and 18 Months after Ischemic Stroke Considering Differences in 12 Countries: A Secondary Analysis of the IST-3 Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
André Vieira ◽  
Patrícia Soares ◽  
Carla Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Stroke Trial

Objectives. This study is aimed at identifying the best clinical model to predict poststroke independence at 6 and 18 months, considering sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and then identifying differences between countries. Methods. Data was retrieved from the International Stroke Trial 3 study. Nine clinical variables (age, gender, severity, rt-PA, living alone, atrial fibrillation, history of transient ischemic attack/stroke, and abilities to lift arms and walk) were measured immediately after the stroke and considered to predict independence at 6 and 18 months poststroke. Independence was measured using the Oxford Handicap Scale. The adequacy, predictive capacity, and discriminative capacity of the models were checked. Countries were added to the final models. Results. At 6 months poststroke, 35.8% ( n = 1088 ) of participants were independent, and at 18 months, this proportion decreased to 29.9% ( n = 747 ). Both 6 and 18 months poststroke predictive models obtained fair discriminatory capacities. Gender, living alone, and rt-PA only reached predictive significance at 18 months. Poststroke patients from Poland and Sweden showed greater chances to achieve independence at 6 months compared to the UK. Poland also achieved greater chances at 18 months. Italy had worse chances than the UK at both follow-ups. Discussion. Six and eight variables predicted poststroke independence at 6 and 18 months, respectively. Some variables only reached significance at 18 months, suggesting a late influence in stroke patients’ rehabilitation. Differences found between countries in achieving independence may be related to healthcare system organization or cultural characteristics, a hypothesis that must be addressed in future studies. These results can allow the development of tailored interventions to improve the outcomes.

scholarly journals Brief psychotic disorder occurring after Covid-19 in a patient with no history of psychiatric diseases - a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julita Poleszak-Szabat ◽  
Małgorzata Romaniuk-Suswał ◽  
Paweł Krukow
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Brief Psychotic Disorder ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Isolation Ward

Abstract Introduction: Although the typical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are respiratory symptoms, it has been shown that the virus can also attack the central nervous system (CNS) causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Aim: The aim of the study was to present a case of a 52-year-old woman, previously untreated for psychiatric diseases, who developed brief psychotic disorder occurring after Covid-19 infection. Case report: A patient in the biological treatment of asthma, came for a follow-up visit, during which the doctor diagnosed psychopathological symptoms in the form of delusions, never previously observed. The interview showed that the patient was discharged from the Isolation ward 10 days before, where she was hospitalized because of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Discussion: There are several theories regarding the mechanisms of pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the course of Covid-19 infection. Much space in the literature is devoted to pathological immune responses. One of the reasons for the development of delusions in the described patient could therefore be the acute phase of the inflammatory reaction in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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