scholarly journals Anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of restinga plants: a dual approach in searching for new drugs to treat severe tuberculosis

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Heggdorne de Araujo ◽  
Thatiana Lopes Biá Ventura Simão ◽  
Tatiana Ungaretti Paleo Konno ◽  
Denise Oliveira Guimarães ◽  
Ivana Correa Ramos Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The World ◽  
Immunomodulatory Action ◽  
Janeiro State

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) still constitutes a threat to public health in various regions of the world. The existing treatment is long and has many side effects. The need to identify new anti-TB compounds and also adjuvants to control exacerbated inflammation in severe TB cases is relevant. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-mycobacterial activity of extracts and fractions in vitro from plant species collected in the Restinga of Jurubatiba, in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. In addition, to verify their immunomodulatory action and cytotoxicity on macrophages. The dichloromethane fraction of Kielmeyera membranacea and Eremanthus crotonoides showed the lowest MIC50 against Mycobacterium bovis BCG (0.95 ± 1.08 and 2.17 ± 1.11 μg/mL, respectively) and M. tuberculosis H37Rv (4.38 ± 1.19 and 15.28 ± 1.21 μg/mL, respectively). They were also able to inhibit the NO and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, without being toxic to cells. Using gas chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectrometer it was possible to suggest the presence of fatty acids and terpenes in the most promising fractions. Those compounds have been described for their anti-mycobacterial activity. These results have enabled identifying Kielmeyera membranacea and Eremanthus crotonoides as the most promising studied species in searching for new anti-TB compounds with dual activity.

scholarly journals Anti-arthritic and gastroprotective activities of Ardisia crispa root partially mediated via its antioxidant effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslida Abdul Hamid ◽  
Lau Moi Fong ◽  
Yeong Looi Ting
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ulcer Model ◽  
Lower Dose Range

AbstractBackgroundThunb A.DC (Myrsinaceae), commonly known as “hen’s eyes”, has been traditionally used in treating various inflammatory diseases. The present study evaluated anti-arthritic, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities ofMethodsAnti-arthritic activity was evaluated in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced adjuvant arthritis and gastroprotective effect was studied in the ethanol-induced ulcer model in rats. ACRH was further isolated to yield quinone-rich fraction (QRF) and both were analyzed for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in various antioxidant assays. Both ACRH and QRF were also analyzed for the quinone composition via gas chromatography analysis.ResultsACRH exerted significant reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α at a lower dose range in CFA-induced arthritis, as well as exhibited its cytoprotective effect against ethanol-induced ulcer lesion via involvement of mucosal nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) groups. ACRH also showed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as better antioxidant activities than QRF.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrated the plant as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, with ACRH succeeded in inhibiting both arthritic and ulcerogenic effect, possibly mediated via its antioxidant effect.

scholarly journals Model Granuloma Tuberculosis In Vitro Sebagai Deteksi Awal Tingkat Keparahan Penyakit Tuberkulosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Imam Agus Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
The World ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Observation Method

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a cause of Tuberculosis in humans causing death and one of the infectious agents in humans in the world. It is estimated that there are 8.7 million new cases, 1.4 million deaths, and around 2 billion latent infections caused by Mtb. According to WHO in 2014, an estimated 9.6 million people transmitted active TB disease, of which 1.5 million died and the burden of TB was heterogeneously distributed in various regions of the world. This type of research is a pure experiment with in vitro methods of making granuloma TB models that are similar to humans. The purpose of this study is to detect early the severity of tuberculosis. The results of the study that on the 1st day granuloma has not formed because the structure of granuloma has not formed yet because blood immune cells in PBMC media containing lymphocyte and monocyte cells are not yet responding to Mtb infection. On day 2 the granuloma structure surrounding the Mtb bacteria has begun to form forming an aggregation. Day 3, many other cell types also occupy granulomas, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, B and T cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts and cells that secrete extracellular matrix components. Day 4 granulomas undergo granulation and the structure of the granuloma breaks and maximum damage aggregation occurs on the 5th day. when the host's immune system weakens, it is known that active Mtb residents prevent active Tb. Experimental evidence has revealed that the TNF-α factor plays a major role in host defense against Mtb in both active and chronic infection phases. The study of granuloma tuberculosis from the above explanation can be concluded that the severity of tuberculosis can be detected early with the in vitro observation method of granuloma in order to provide appropriate drug therapy even this research can be used as an initial stage of perfecting the vaccine in tuberculosis infection.

scholarly journals Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanan Li ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yang Guo ◽  
Jinchao Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The World

Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.

scholarly journals Smallpox in the Post-Eradication Era

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Meyer ◽  
Rosina Ehmann ◽  
Geoffrey L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Widespread vaccination programmes led to the global eradication of smallpox, which was certified by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and, since 1978, there has been no case of smallpox anywhere in the world. However, the viable variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, is still kept in two maximum security laboratories in Russia and the USA. Despite the eradication of the disease smallpox, clandestine stocks of VARV may exist. In a rapidly changing world, the impact of an intentional VARV release in the human population would nowadays result in a public health emergency of global concern: vaccination programmes were abolished, the percentage of immunosuppressed individuals in the human population is higher, and an increased intercontinental air travel allows for the rapid viral spread of diseases around the world. The WHO has authorised the temporary retention of VARV to enable essential research for public health benefit to take place. This work aims to develop diagnostic tests, antiviral drugs, and safer vaccines. Advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to produce infectious poxvirus particles from chemicals in vitro so that it is now possible to reconstruct VARV. The status of smallpox in the post-eradication era is reviewed.

scholarly journals Nafamostat-interferon-alpha combination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ianevski ◽  
Rouan Yo ◽  
Hilde Lysvand ◽  
Gunnveig Grodeland ◽  
Nicolas Legrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Patient Outcome ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
The World

SARS-CoV-2 and its vaccine/immune-escaping variants continue to pose a serious threat to public health due to a paucity of effective, rapidly deployable, and widely available treatments. Here we address these challenges by combining Pegasys (IFNa) and nafamostat to effectively suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture and hamsters. Our results indicate that Serpin E1 is an important mediator of the antiviral activity of IFNa and that both Serpin E1 and camostat can target the same cellular factor TMPRSS2, which plays a critical role in viral replication. The low doses of the drugs in combination may have several clinical advantages, including fewer adverse events and improved patient outcome. Thus, our study may provide a proactive solution for the ongoing pandemic and potential future coronavirus outbreaks, which is still urgently required in many parts of the world.

scholarly journals Role of Gas6, TAM receptors ligand, in the pathogenesis of Zika virus infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Cristina S. Monteiro ◽  
João Luiz da Silva Filho ◽  
Jose Luiz Proença Modena ◽  
Fabio T. M. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Tam Receptors ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Zika virus (ZIKV) represents a public health challenge to Brazil and the rest of the world, especially because ZIKV infection has been linked to neurological sequelae, such as congenital fetal syndrome. Here, we aim to verify the role of Gas6 in the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection, by evaluating the expression of Gas6 and TAM receptors in patients infected by the virus with different degrees of disease severity, and infection of different human cells in vitro.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rights Related to Public Health and Pharmaceutical Patents and Existing Conflicts According to National and International Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Somayeh Rahmani ◽  
◽  
Amir Mahdi Ghorbanpoor Zarehshuran ◽  
Hamideh Rahanjam ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Exclusive Right

Today, along with the relative expansion of public health around the world, various diseases such as AIDS, malaria, etc. are increasing in human societies. In this regard, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most important industries that should be supported so that the inventors of new drugs have enough motivation to produce more effective drugs. On the other hand, the undeniable benefits of supporting pharmaceutical inventions pose a serious threat to developing and less developed countries, and may endanger the public health of these societies. In such situation, we should know which of these two principles is preferable to other and should be given priority: Public health as a basic human right or protection of pharmaceutical patents as an exclusive right of its owners? One of the most important issues discussed directly and indirectly in the World Trade Organization is ”public health”, especially the drug trade and the protection of pharmaceutical patents, and this organization has always protected the rights of drug inventors to maintain a balance between public health and freedom of access to medicine. Therefore, any legal system that wants to join this organization may face problems due to these two issues. This study aims to investigate the conditions and challenges of supporting pharmaceutical patents in legal systems in case of accession to the World Trade Organization.

Recent Development of Coumarin Derivatives as Potential Antiplasmodial and Antimalarial Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Liang Hu ◽  
Chuan Gao ◽  
Zhi Xu ◽  
Ming-Liang Liu ◽  
Lian-Shun Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Coumarin Derivatives ◽  
Antimalarial Agents ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World

Malaria still remains one of the leading deadliest diseases throughout the world, leading to around 1 million deaths annually. The emergence and spread of growing resistance to the firstline antimalarials are an alarming the serious problem in malaria control, demanding the need for new drugs more potent than earlier with improved Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) profiles. Coumarins, which exhibited various biological properties, also displayed potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activities. Moreover, many of coumarin derivatives have already been used in clinical practice for the treatment of several diseases. Therefore, coumarin derivatives play a pivotal role in medicinal chemistry, also making them promising candidates for the treatment of malaria. This review aims to summarize the recent advances made towards the development of coumarin-containing derivatives as antiplasmodial and antimalarial agents and their structure-activity relationship is also discussed.

scholarly journals Dodecanol, metabolite of entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, affects fatty acid composition and cellular immunity of Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kazek ◽  
Agata Kaczmarek ◽  
Anna Katarzyna Wrońska ◽  
Mieczysława Irena Boguś
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Conidiobolus Coronatus ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Insect Defense ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Almost All

AbstractOne group of promising pest control agents are the entomopathogenic fungi; one such example is Conidiobolus coronatus, which produces a range of metabolites. Our present findings reveal for the first time that C. coronatus also produces dodecanol, a compound widely used to make surfactants and pharmaceuticals, and enhance flavors in food. The main aim of the study was to determine the influence of dodecanol on insect defense systems, i.e. cuticular lipid composition and the condition of insect immunocompetent cells; hence, its effect was examined in detail on two species differing in susceptibility to fungal infection: Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina. Dodecanol treatment elicited significant quantitative and qualitative differences in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles between the species, based on gas chromatography analysis with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and had a negative effect on G. mellonella and C. vicina hemocytes and a Sf9 cell line in vitro: after 48 h, almost all the cells were completely disintegrated. The metabolite had a negative effect on the insect defense system, suggesting that it could play an important role during C. coronatus infection. Its high insecticidal activity and lack of toxicity towards vertebrates suggest it could be an effective insecticide.

scholarly journals Landscape Coronavirus Disease 2019 test (COVID-19 test) in vitro -- A comparison of PCR vs Immunoassay vs Crispr-Based test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huajun Bai ◽  
Xiaolong Cai ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The outbreak of COVID-19, caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), has been a global public health threat and caught the worldwide concern. Scientists throughout the world are sparing all efforts to explore strategies for the determination of the 2019-nCoV virus and diagnosis of COVID-19 rapidly. Several assays are developed for COVID-19 test , including RT-PCR, coronavirus antigens-based immunoassays, and CRISPR-based strategies (Cas13a or Cas12a), etc. Different assays have their advantages and drawbacks, and people should choose the most suitable assay according to their demands. Here, we make a brief introduction about these assays and give a simple overview of them, hoping to help doctors and researchers to select the most suitable assay for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 test (COVID-19 test) .

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