scholarly journals Overland flow generation mechanisms in the Concórdia River basin, in southern Brazil

RBRH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Loewen ◽  
◽  
Adilson Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Variable Contribution ◽  
Generation Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Overland flow in watersheds is responsible for the occurrence of various environmental problems, including flood formation, erosion and the transportation of sediment, and the addition of pollutants to the soil. Additionally, understanding this hydrological process is fundamental to improving knowledge regarding individual interest factors in a region, since it interferes with agricultural productivity and water supply for both the population and industry, among other contributions. Two principal theorists have described the overland flow generation processes: Horton (1933) and Dunne (1978). The TOPMODEL (a topography-based hydrological model) approach represents the overland flow by variable contribution areas, which develop along the watercourses following the concept of Dunne’s overland flow. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of overland flow generated in the Concórdia River basin based on the application of the TOPMODEL, using measured hydrological data obtained from a high frequency installed monitoring network. Discharge data series were performed for three sub-basins: SF3 (29.74 km2), SF2 (5.81 km2), and SF1 (2.36 km2). In these sub-basins, the flood hydrograph were separated and its response conditions were verified in the TOPMODEL. Rainfall, discharge, and potential evapotranspiration data were used in an hourly scale for the three sub-basins. In general, the model showed adequate efficiency for the SF3 sub-basin; however, the SF2 and SF1 sub-basins showed distortion in its parameters, thereby delaying the simulated hydrograph in terms of time. Accordingly, the results corroborate the more frequent appearance of Dunnian overland flow in the SF3 sub-basin, where the topography is smoother and features large areas with a low slope, which serve as variable saturation areas. The SF2 and SF1 sub-basins present characteristics that strongly reflect Hortonian overland flow, with slopes in the topography that do not allow the frequent formation of variable contribution areas.

scholarly journals Variation in Runoff of the Arys River and Keles River Watersheds (Kazakhstan), as Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4788
Author(s):  
Sanim Bissenbayeva ◽  
Jilili Abuduwaili ◽  
Dana Shokparova ◽  
Asel Saparova
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Climate Variation ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Runoff Change

Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors, especially in the inland river basin. In this study, long-term (1960–2015) river runoff and climate data in the Arys and Keles River watersheds (Kazakhstan) were gathered to analyze the impacts of climate variation and human activity on runoff. The non-parametric Kendall test and the Pettitt test were used to identify trends and change points in the time data series. It was found that both watersheds had significant upward trends in temperature and potential evapotranspiration data, and insignificant upward trends in the runoff. Change points in annual runoff were identified around the year 1973. The hydrological sensitivity method was employed to evaluate the impacts of climate variation and human activity on mean annual runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. It was found that the decline in annual runoff over both catchments can be mainly attributed to human activity, the reduction percentages due to human activities range from 59% to 99%. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development and water management of the regional water resources.

Overland flow generation mechanisms affected by topsoil treatment: Application to soil conservation

Geomorphology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 796-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hueso-González ◽  
J.D. Ruiz-Sinoga ◽  
J.F. Martínez-Murillo ◽  
H. Lavee
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Application

scholarly journals An Improved Grid-Xinanjiang Model and Its Application in the Jinshajiang Basin, China

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Changqing Meng ◽  
Jianzhong Zhou ◽  
Deyu Zhong ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Jun Guo
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Xinanjiang Model ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Thiessen Polygon ◽  
Infiltration Excess

A modified form of the distributed Grid-Xinanjiang model (GXAJ) characterizing the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff mechanisms coupled to a two-source potential evapotranspiration model (TSPE) was proposed to simulate the hydrological process and study the spatiotemporal pattern of the precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture in the Jinshajiang River basin. In the flow routing module, the flow is routed by the physically nonlinear Muskingum–Cunge method. The TSPE model can calculate the spatiotemporal variation of the potential canopy transpiration (CT), interception evaporation (IE), and potential soil evaporation (SE). Subsequently, the calculated potential evapotranspiration (PE) is coupled to the GXAJ model to calculate the water budget in each grid. An a priori parameter estimation was developed to obtain the spatially varied parameters from geographical data, including digital elevation model (DEM) data, soil data, vegetation data, and routing data. Hydrometeorological data were interpolated to 4750 grids with cell sizes of 10 × 10 km by the Thiessen Polygon method. The DEM data was used to extract the flow direction, river length, hillslope, and channel slopes and to adjust the altitude-related meteorological variables. The reprocessed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index (LAI) from the Beijing Normal University (BNU) dataset, which has a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, was used to obtain the spatiotemporal variation in the LAI. The developed GXAJ model was applied to three sub-basins in the Jinshajiang River basin and was compared to the traditional GXAJ model. The developed GXAJ model satisfactorily reproduced the streamflow at each catchment outlet and matched the peak discharges better than the traditional GXAJ model for both the dry and wet seasons. The uneven distribution of the simulated mean annual evapotranspiration in the whole watershed was closely related to the vegetation types, ranging from 189.81 to 585.45 mm. Forest and woodland, shrubland, grassland, and cropland were shown to have mean annual evapotranspiration values of 485.6, 289.4, 275.9, and 392.3 mm, respectively. The ratios of the annual evapotranspiration to precipitation (E/P) of the forest, woodland, shrubland, grassland, and cropland were 54, 83, 53, and 48%, respectively.

scholarly journals The Rise of Climate-Driven Sediment Discharge in the Amazonian River Basin

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazzareno Diodato ◽  
Naziano Filizola ◽  
Pasquale Borrelli ◽  
Panos Panagos ◽  
Gianni Bellocchi
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Magdalena River ◽  
Sediment Export

The occurrence of hydrological extremes in the Amazon region and the associated sediment loss during rainfall events are key features in the global climate system. Climate extremes alter the sediment and carbon balance but the ecological consequences of such changes are poorly understood in this region. With the aim of examining the interactions between precipitation and landscape-scale controls of sediment export from the Amazon basin, we developed a parsimonious hydro-climatological model on a multi-year series (1997–2014) of sediment discharge data taken at the outlet of Óbidos (Brazil) watershed (the narrowest and swiftest part of the Amazon River). The calibrated model (correlation coefficient equal to 0.84) captured the sediment load variability of an independent dataset from a different watershed (the Magdalena River basin), and performed better than three alternative approaches. Our model captured the interdecadal variability and the long-term patterns of sediment export. In our reconstruction of yearly sediment discharge over 1859–2014, we observed that landscape erosion changes are mostly induced by single storm events, and result from coupled effects of droughts and storms over long time scales. By quantifying temporal variations in the sediment produced by weathering, this analysis enables a new understanding of the linkage between climate forcing and river response, which drives sediment dynamics in the Amazon basin.

scholarly journals Cyclic Behavior in the Fumaroles Output Detected by Direct Measurement of Temperature of the Ground

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Iole Serena Diliberto
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Cyclic Behavior ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Transient Phases ◽  
Aeolian Archipelago ◽  
Different Sources

On the Island of Vulcano (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy) the temperatures of fumarole emissions, have ranged from about 700 °C to the boiling point. Since the end of the last eruption (1890 A.D.), many periods of increased heating of hydrothermal systems, underlying the La Fossa area have been identified, but an eruptive condition has not yet been reached. The time variation of the high temperature fumaroles has been tracked by the network of sensors located at a few discrete sites on the summit area of La Fossa cone. The same continuous monitoring network has been working for more than 30 years. The time series shows that a natural cyclic modulation has repeated after almost 20 years, and its periodicity yet has to be discussed and interpreted. The statistical approach and the spectral analysis could provide an objective evaluation to reveal the timing, intensity, and general significance of the thermodynamic perturbations that occurred in the hydrothermal circuits of La Fossa caldera, during the study period. The continuous monitoring data series avoid unrealistic interpolations and allow promptly recognizing changes, which perturb the hydrothermal circuits, highlighting—possibly in near real time—the transient phases of energy release from the different sources (hydrologic/magmatic).

Integrated Hydroecological Monitoring of Watercourses in Zuya River Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
N.M. Ivanyutin ◽  
N.E. Volkova ◽  
S.V. Podovalova
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Visual Survey ◽  
Water Disposal ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

The results of a comprehensive agroecological assessment of the main watercourses of the Zuya river basin are presented. Studies were conducted in 2017–2020 and included: conducting a visual survey, measuring water consumption, assessing the qualitative characteristics of runoff, including phytotesting and determining its suitability for irrigation purposes. It was determined that the main pollutants of the watercourses were sulphates, phosphates, heavy metals. The assessment of salt composition of water resources has shown that they are mostly suitable for irrigation without restriction. However, according to the results of phytotesting, an inhibitory effect was recorded, which indicates a possible decrease in the yield of crops sensitive to water-contained pollutants. The water balance calculations showed the presence of a shortage of water resources in the Zuya river basin. The environmental situation on the surveyed water bodies was identified as unfavorable. The set of priority environmental measures includes: the creation of a permanent monitoring network, the arrangement of settlements with water disposal systems, the inventory of small water storage facilities and the implementation of the required repair and operational work on them, and the optimization of the number of water users.

scholarly journals Incipient subsurface heterogeneity and its effect on overland flow generation – insight from a modeling study of the first experiment at the Biosphere 2 Landscape Evolution Observatory

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1873-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-Y. Niu ◽  
D. Pasetto ◽  
C. Scudeler ◽  
C. Paniconi ◽  
M. Putti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Landscape Evolution ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Biosphere 2 ◽  
Subsurface Heterogeneity ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Heterogeneous Soil ◽  
Seepage Face ◽  
Modeling Study

Abstract. Evolution of landscape heterogeneity is controlled by coupled Earth system dynamics, and the resulting process complexity is a major hurdle to cross towards a unified theory of catchment hydrology. The Biosphere 2 Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO), a 334.5 m2 artificial hillslope built with homogeneous soil, may have evolved into heterogeneous soil during the first experiment driven by an intense rainfall event. The experiment produced predominantly seepage face water outflow, but also generated overland flow, causing superficial erosion and the formation of a small channel. In this paper, we explore the hypothesis of incipient heterogeneity development in LEO and its effect on overland flow generation by comparing the modeling results from a three-dimensional physically based hydrological model with measurements of total mass change and seepage face flow. Our null hypothesis is that the soil is hydraulically homogeneous, while the alternative hypothesis is that LEO developed downstream heterogeneity from transport of fine sediments driven by saturated subsurface flow. The heterogeneous case is modeled by assigning saturated hydraulic conductivity at the LEO seepage face (Ksat,sf) different from that of the rest (Ksat). A range of values for Ksat, Ksat,sf, soil porosity, and pore size distribution is used to account for uncertainties in estimating these parameters, resulting in more than 20 000 simulations. It is found that the best runs under the heterogeneous soil hypothesis produce smaller errors than those under the null hypothesis, and that the heterogeneous runs yield a higher probability of best model performance than the homogeneous runs. These results support the alternative hypothesis of localized incipient heterogeneity of the LEO soil, which facilitated generation of overland flow. This modeling study of the first LEO experiment suggests an important role of coupled water and sediment transport processes in the evolution of subsurface heterogeneity and on overland flow generation, highlighting the need of a coupled modeling system that integrates across disciplinary processes.

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