Optimizing Field Development in South Sultanate of Oman Through Deep Water Disposal Dwd Reclassification

The South Oman clusters A and B have reclassified their Deep-Water Disposal wells (DWD) into water injection (WI) wells. This is a novel concept where the excess treated water will be used in the plantation of additional reed beds (Cluster A) and the farming of palm trees (Cluster B), as well as act as pressure support for nearby fields. This will help solve multiple issues at different levels namely helping the business achieve its objective of sustained oil production, helping local communities with employment and helping the organization care for the environment by reducing carbon footprints. This reclassification covers a huge water volume in Field-A and Field-B where 60,000 m3/day and 40,000 m3/day will be injected respectively in the aquifer. The remaining total excess volume of approx. 200,000m3/d will be used for reed beds and Million Date Palm trees Project. The approach followed for the reclassification and routing of water will: Safeguard the field value (oil reserves) by optimum water injectionMaintain the cap-rock integrity by reduced water injection into the aquifer.Reduce GHG intensity by ±50% as a result of (i) reduced power consumption to run the DWD pumps and (ii) the plantation of trees (reed beds and palm trees).Generate ICV (in-country value) opportunities in the area of operations for the local community to use the excess water at surface for various projects.Figure 1DWD Reclassification benefits Multiple teams (subsurface. Surface, operations), interfaces and systems have been associated to reflect the re-classification project. This was done through collaboration of different teams and sections (i.e. EC, EDM, SAP, Nibras, OFM, etc). Water injection targets and several KPIs have been incorporated in various dashboards for monitoring and compliance purposes. Figure 2Teams Integration and interfaces It offers not only a significant boost to the sustainability of the business, but also pursues PDO's Water Management Strategy to reduce Disposal to Zero by no later than the year 2030 This paper will discuss how the project was managed, explain the evaluation done to understand the extent of the pressure support in nearby fields from DWD and the required disposal rate to maintain the desired pressures. Hence, reclassifying that part of deep-water disposal volume to water injection (WI) which requires a totally different water flood management system to be built around it.

GRE Lined OCTG as a Cost-Effective Solution for Water Disposal Wells

Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE), lining systems for API 5CT tubing have gained prominence in O&G industry, essentially due to the fact that GRE constitutes a physical barrier protecting the OCTG pipe from corrosive environment, and minimizing issues with scale deposition. ADNOC group companies have been building experience on the implementation of GRE Lined L-80 tubing by successfully using it in produced water disposal wells. Produced water is a highly corrosive medium due to dissolved CO2, H2S high to very high chloride content, high TDS, eventually containing bacteria. The corrosiveness of the fluid increases as the temperature increase from temperatures in the range of 30 – 50 degC at surface to reservoir temperature. The aggressiveness of this medium towards API 5CT L-80 or 13Cr / modified 13Cr increases with its contamination with oxygen. Dissolved oxygen is a strong depolarizer leading to high pitting rates if dissolved O2 content in the water is above 10 or 20ppb. Conventional completion of WDW in ADNOC Onshore is based on API 5CT L-80, and short life of the completion strings has been attributed to deficient water treatment (lack of oxygen scavenger, corrosion inhibitor unsuitable for downhole conditions. A life cycle cost analysis suggests that GRE lined OCTG could be a cost-effective solution for water injection. For this life cycle cost assessment, CAPEX (cost of L-80 completion string, combo corrosion inhibitor & oxygen scavenger skid and OPEX: cost of Combo chemical and monitoring activities for design life were considered, while achieving the required level of well integrity and lower operational safety risks (e.g. handling hazardous chemicals, monitoring activities)

Disposal Wells Integrity Management- Real Time Annulus Pressure Monitoring Through GSM Connectivity to Enhance Well Integrity

ADNOC BAB Field has 11 water disposal wells, which are currently being monitored manually. The paper is about the implementation of remote annulus pressure monitoring for water disposal wells. The manual methods of monitoring remote annulis pressure comes in with inherent disadvantages like no continuous monitoring and deployment of our skilled resources for the same. The paper throws light on the present issues faced while using the manual monitoring and how it has been covered when the proposed wireless technology is implemented. Also the paper illustrates, the savings in terms of man power and resources and relevance of the technology to the modern age oil and gas upstream industry considering the scalablity to more number of wells in vast oil fields.

Swinging Water Injection Targets SWIT

With increasing wells connected to central facilities, it is hard to manage water flood using traditional technique. Therefore, a novel control concept named Swinging Water Injection Targets (SWIT) was developed in PDO to manage the challenges and satisfies both surface/subsurface requirements. The objectives of SWIT are: Maximize water injection well compliance. Minimize oil deferment due to water disposal restriction. Automated system that manages the variations in produced water flow with minimum interventions. SWIT concept is using the tolerance of ± 20% of desired injection target (Compliance limit) for each water injection (WI) well. So rather than having a fixed target, a minimum and maximum injection flow are giving to each WI well flow controller. Those range are provided by subsurface to ensure minimal impact for the rate fluctuation. The injection flows are driven by WI header pressure controller. When the produced water, the WI header pressure increases then the pressure controller to control the pressure asks all WI wells simultaneously increasing their injection flow at the same relative portion (Optimized distribution). Also, when the produced water decreases all WI flow starts reducing in the same way. SWIT concept proved success in PDO and it became a standard. It was first introduced in small field. Later, it was replicated across the company fields. The biggest scale implementation was in a cluster with more than 500 WI wells. Previously, in that cluster the WI header pressure was fluctuating indicating issues with water balance. Many manual adjustments were required to manage the situations when the produced water is more than the injection demand by closing oil producers leading to a considerable deferment due to water disposal restriction. Also, when the supply water is less than injection demand many WI wells start under injecting leading to low injection compliance. After SWIT was introduced in the cluster and all injectors started swinging in harmony via automatic control, it managed to balance the water system (controlled WI header pressure) regardless of the variation in produced water production. This resulted in increase of WI compliance by 5% after implementation. As SWIT optimized the water distribution to the injectors, roughly around 50 m3/d of additional oil production was achieved. It also minimized deferment from disposal restriction to a minimum level. All of this without the hustle of manual interventions.

Greening the Desert While Helping Business and Caring for the Environment

This paper describes the utilization of produced and treated formation water for planting trees and growing algae in large ponds; in a massive scale in South Oman. A detailed study has been carried out to assess the injection requirements for pressure maintenance in the producing reservoir and using the remaining excess pot-treated water for farming of the palm trees. The produced water has been used as disposal in formations deeper than the producing horizons in the past. The produced water was separated in a processing station that received gross production from a number of fields in South Oman. This water was disposed in the aquifer underlying a producing reservoir that has experienced pressure maintenance due to this disposal. The impact of this excess water disposal on the aquifer was studied to evaluate the risk of breaching cap rock integrity. The risk was not significant but to ensure "no damage to the environment and people" it was decided to reduce or optimize injection rates to maintain the reservoir pressure safeguarding reserves. In addition, the disposal of the water required significant amount of power equivalent to emitting significant amount of CO2 annually just for water disposal. The study was carried out using simple material balance methods to predict the pressure behaviour given an injection profile. The recommendations from the study have already been implemented to convert the deep-water disposal to injection in the aquifer. This has been achieved by the integration of number of interfaces from sub-surface to field operations. All the pieces are in place to take it the next level of execution that is to treat the water at surface for oil removal, hence rendering the water at acceptable quality levels for tree plantation and algae ponds. The project also aims in a future second phase to further treat the water to higher specifications allowing the use of it for agricultural purposes. This would introduce a commercial farm that will depend on this source of water. This would be a novel concept in South Oman where the treated water will be used for farming solving multiple issues at multiple levels namely helping the business achieve its objective of sustained oil production, helping local communities with employment via farming and helping the organization care for the environment by reducing carbon footprints.

Physico-chemical Properties and Possible Applications of Sewage Sludge Combustion Ash

The main problems and prospects of water disposal systems of such a megalopolis as Saint Petersburg are considered. Methods for processing sewage sludge to an ecologically safe state, as well as the use of sludge combustion ash at the Central Aeration Station (CAS) in Saint Petersburg are proposed. Special attention was paid to the issues of sludge management in the sewage system of domestic wastewater. The possibility of using ash for extinguishing and eliminating oil spills at the CAS was confirmed experimentally in comparison with similar capabilities of marshalite and fine-grained construction sand. A method for preparing dry building mixes based on Portland cement for obtaining low-water demand construction binders was proposed.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG HIGINE DAN SANITASI SERTA IMPLEMENTASINYA PADA PEDAGANG KULINER KAKI LIMA, PADA PUSAT KULINER DI KELURAHAN PUNIA KOTA MATARAM

One of the primary human needs is food, therefore everyone must be able to fulfill it properly, meaning that food must not only be sufficient, but also the most important thing is to be able to provide nutritional intake and also must be hygienic and processing must pay attention to sanitation. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge of culinary traders related to hygiene and sanitation in the food and beverage production process and traders can implement knowledge so that the resulting production can meet Law No. 32 on health. The method of implementing community service used is firstly observing targets related to the production process in producing culinary delights, secondly delivering the material, then continuing with discussions and forming a group team/officer who will monitor and evaluate the implementation of hygiene and sanitation principles in the production process carried out. by the merchant. The results of the service show that first, participants do not know what is meant by hygiene and sanitation and their effect on the products produced. This can be seen from the production process carried out on the floor, waste water disposal is still in an open channel, food storage is still mixed between food ingredients and finished food. Second, when the products sold to buyers do not meet the standards for selling food and beverages, this can be seen from the number of traders who do not cover food and drinks properly. Besides that, taking food does not use certain tools such as spoons.

Designing an early flood detection system prototype in riverbank settlements

There is still a lot of use of the floodgates in the main hole to drain the residential water into the river is still operated manually by someone in charge of opening and closing the floodgates. It is less efficient and often happens to the operator, so the water overflows and can lead to flooding. In this final task, a prototype of an early flood detection system and the automation of sewerage in a settlement located on the riverbanks. The control of floodgates on the main hole works automatically according to the signal from a sensor that reads the state of the water level. Main hole floodgates will work when the river water enters it at a specific limit that sensors will read and provide information on the level of river water in it to someone via WhatsApp to prevent river water from entering the settlement. When the main hole door is closed automatically, the residential water flow will be directed to a temporary reservoir. When the temporary reservoir is full, the sensor will signal to activate the discharge pump that will be discharged into the river to dispose of the water in the reservoir. The design and testing of flood early detection prototype tools and residential water disposal automation can work well by the design principle.

Identifikasi Pemeliharaan Vertical Garden di Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali

Maintenance Identification on Vertical Garden at Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali. Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali has a vertical garden with an area of 10 m x 4 m. The Hotel is able to maintain the plant condition. The purpose of this research is to identify the vertical garden maintenance system at the Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali. The research method uses survey and literature study methods. Data collection techniques are observation, interview, and literature study. Data analysis methods with descriptive methods and scoring tables. The results about the identification of vertical garden maintenance systems consist of watering, water disposal system, trimming, fertilizing, replanting plants, media replacement, sanitation, pest and disease control. Watering in 2 hours creating high humidity in the media. The volume of water released is not fully experienced evapotranspiration. The planting media do not experience drought during the day, so the plants keep fresh. In the calculation of plant suitability values, the corresponding values are Hemigraphis alternata. Plants with adequate value are Epipremnum aureum, Asparagus densiflorus, Ananas bracteatus tricolor, Schefflera Arboricola, and Portulaca grandiflora. In the maintenance process requires a fertigation system to facilitate fertilization. The use of automated systems such as timmers will simplify the maintenance and a more scheduled.