scholarly journals INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN DIGESTIVE DISEASES

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Carmo Friche PASSOS ◽  
Joaquim Prado MORAES-FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND In recent years, especially after the development of sophisticated metagenomic studies, research on the intestinal microbiota has increased, radically transforming our knowledge about the microbiome and its association with health maintenance and disease development in humans. Increasing evidence has shown that a permanent alteration in microbiota composition or function (dysbiosis) can alter immune responses, metabolism, intestinal permeability, and digestive motility, thereby promoting a proinflammatory state. Such alterations can mainly impair the host’s immune and metabolic functions, thus favoring the onset of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, digestive, neurological, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. This comprehensive review is a compilation of the available literature on the formation of the complex intestinal ecosystem and its impact on the incidence of diseases such as obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and digestive neoplasms. CONCLUSION: Alterations in the composition and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) have a direct impact on human health and seem to have an important role in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases, whether inflammatory, metabolic, or neoplastic ones.

scholarly journals PROBIOTICS IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES: ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Compare ◽  
Costantino Sgamato ◽  
Olga Maria Nardone ◽  
Alba Rocco ◽  
Pietro Coccoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Conditions ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Background: Multiple lines of evidence now support the notion that gut microbiota can contribute to digestive and extra-digestive diseases. The emergence of these observations enabled to postulate a bacteria-centric paradigm upon which to rethink the treatment of many diseases. The goal of therapy should not be to eradicate the flora but to modify it in a way that leads to symptomatic improvement; thus, the interest in the use of probiotics to modulate microbiota composition has increased worldwide in both community and healthcare settings. Summary: The results of published studies are conflicting for most probiotic strains and formulations, and clinicians and consumers need a better understanding of probiotic risks and benefits. Currently, clear guidelines on when to use probiotics and the most effective probiotic for different gastrointestinal conditions are still lacking. Here we reviewed the studies on the use of probiotics in some diseases of relevant interest to gastroenterologists, such as Helicobacter pylori infection, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Key message: Although the evidence is relevant and promising for probiotics in general, and for specific strains and combinations of strains, it is not yet sufficient to draw unequivocal conclusions and clear recommendations.

scholarly journals Individualized Responses of Gut Microbiota to Dietary Intervention Modeled in Humanized Mice

mSystems ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Smits ◽  
Angela Marcobal ◽  
Steven Higginbottom ◽  
Justin L. Sonnenburg ◽  
Purna C. Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Generation Sequencing

ABSTRACT Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Diet plays an important role in shaping the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The microbes and microbial products in turn can influence various aspects of host physiology. One promising route to affect host function and restore health is by altering the gut microbiome using dietary intervention. The individuality of the microbiome may pose a significant challenge, so we sought to determine how different microbiotas respond to the same dietary intervention in a controlled setting. We modeled gut microbiotas from three healthy donors in germfree mice and defined compositional and functional alteration following a change in dietary microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs). The three gut communities exhibited responses that differed markedly in magnitude and in the composition of microbiota-derived metabolites. Adjustments in community membership did not correspond to the magnitude of changes in the microbial metabolites, highlighting potential challenges in predicting functional responses from compositional data and the need to assess multiple microbiota parameters following dietary interventions. IMPORTANCE Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.

scholarly journals Irritable bowel syndrome: new insights into symptom mechanisms and advances in treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spiller
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Enteric Nerves ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Fodmap Diet ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Despite being one of the most common conditions leading to gastroenterological referral, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. However, recent years have seen major advances. These include new understanding of the role of both inflammation and altered microbiota as well as the impact of dietary intolerances as illuminated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has thrown new light on IBS. This article will review new data on how excessive bile acid secretion mediates diarrhea and evidence from post infectious IBS which has shown how gut inflammation can alter gut microbiota and function. Studies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have also shown that even when inflammation is in remission, the altered enteric nerves and abnormal microbiota can generate IBS-like symptoms. The efficacy of the low FODMAP diet as a treatment for bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort has been demonstrated by randomized controlled trials. MRI studies, which can quantify intestinal volumes, have provided new insights into how FODMAPs cause symptoms. This article will focus on these areas together with recent trials of new agents, which this author believes will alter clinical practice within the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals Fecal microbiota Profiling in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Type Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiufang Cui ◽  
Haiyang Wang ◽  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Xinyun Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Abstract BACKGROUND: The intestinal microbiota is thought to be involved in the occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in remission (IBDR) with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)-type symptoms, but the specific distinct profile of these bacteria remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate this issue by conducting a cross-sectional study.METHODS: IBS patients were diagnosed according to Rome Ⅳ criteria, IBD diagnosed according to the criteria of European Crohn & Colitis Organization (ECCO), IBDR patients with IBS-type symptoms were defined according to related IBS-type symptoms meeting the Rome IV criteria in IBDR patients, and were included Crohn’s disease in remission (CDR) and ulcerative colitis in remission (UCR) based on Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (DAI) and Mayo Scoring System respectively. Healthy controls come from the physical examination center and exclude people with underlying diseases. All enrolled subjects were divided into six groups, as followed: Health Control, IBS, CDR with IBS-type symptoms (CDR-IBS+), CDR without IBS-type symptoms (CDR-IBS-), UCR-IBS+ and UCR-IBS-. We collected fresh fecal samples from all subjects and applied 16S rRNA sequencing analysis to detect the structure and diversity of the microbiota among different groups. RESULTS: A total of 97 subjects were included in this study, of which 18 were health controls, 34 IBS patients, 25 CDR and 20 UCR. The richness of intestinal microbiota in CDR-IBS-was significantly lower than that in the control and IBS groups based on the analysis of observed species and Chao index (P<0.05). The observed species index in CDR-IBS+ was significantly higher than CDR-IBS- group (median index: 254.8 vs 203, P=0.036). No difference was found in Alpha diversity between UCR-IBS+ and UCR-IBS-. At phylum level, there was no significant difference between UC or CD with IBS-type symptoms and those without related symptoms. At genus level, the number of Faecalibacterium in CDR-IBS+ increased significantly while Fusobacterium decreased compared with CDR-IBS-(mean relative abundance of Faecalibacterium: 20.35% vs 5.18%, P<0.05; Fusobacterium: 1.51% vs 5.2%, P<0.05). However, compared with UCR-IBS - group, the number of Faecalibacterium in UCR-IBS+ group decreased, while the number of Streptococcus increased, but there was no statistical difference in the genus structure. Regardless of the phylum or genus level, the abundance and composition of the microbiota of IBS patients were not distinct from those of healthy people.CONCLUSIONS: CD patients in remission with IBS-type symptoms may be related to the increase of Faecalibacterium and decrease of Fusobacterium. UC patients in remission with IBS-type symptoms cannot be explained by changes in the abundance and structure of intestinal microbiota from our across-sectional study.

scholarly journals Diet and Nutrients in Gastrointestinal Chronic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Antonio Corsello ◽  
Daniela Pugliese ◽  
Antonio Gasbarrini ◽  
Alessandro Armuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Daily Amount ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Therapeutic Possibilities

Diet and nutrition are known to play key roles in many chronic gastrointestinal diseases, regarding both pathogenesis and therapeutic possibilities. A strong correlation between symptomatology, disease activity and eating habits has been observed in many common diseases, both organic and functional, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. New different dietary approaches have been evaluated in order improve patients’ symptoms, modulating the type of sugars ingested, the daily amount of fats or the kind of metabolites produced in gut. Even if many clinical studies have been conducted to fully understand the impact of nutrition on the progression of disease, more studies are needed to test the most promising approaches for different diseases, in order to define useful guidelines for patients.

Protective effects of a novel probiotic strain, Lactococcus lactis ML2018, in colitis: in vivo and in vitro evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1132-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiling Liu ◽  
Xiuxia Zhang ◽  
Yunpeng Hao ◽  
Jinhua Ding ◽  
Jing Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Multiple articles have confirmed that an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota is closely related to aberrant immune responses of the intestines and to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).

Principles of DNA-Based Gut Microbiota Assessment and Therapeutic Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Gastrointestinal Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cammarota ◽  
Silvia Pecere ◽  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Luca Masucci ◽  
Diego Currò
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Cure Rates

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a process by which the normal gastrointestinal microbiota is restored, has demonstrated extraordinary cure rates for Clostridium difficile infection and low recurrence. The community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health status and functions; therefore, together with the rise of FMT, the gastrointestinal microbiota has emerged as a ‘virtual' organ with a level of complexity comparable to that of any other organ system and capable to compete with powerful known antibiotics for the treatment of several disorders. Although treatment protocols, donor selection, stool preparation and delivery methods varied widely, with a few reports following an identical protocol, FMT has diffused to other areas where the alterations of the gut microbiota ecology (or dysbiosis) have been theorized to play a causative role, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), among several other extra-intestinal disorders (i.e. metabolic syndrome and obesity, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular diseases). FMT can be relatively simple to perform, but a number of challenges need to be overcome before this procedure is widely accepted in clinical practice, and currently, there is no consensus between the various gastrointestinal organizations and societies regarding the FMT procedure. In this article, we describe the modern high-throughput sequencing techniques to characterize the composition of gut microbiota and the potential for therapeutics by manipulating microbiota with FMT in several gastrointestinal disorders (C. difficile-associated diarrhea, IBD and IBS), with a look on the potential future directions of FMT.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (8) ◽  
pp. G529-G541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehuda Ringel ◽  
Nitsan Maharshak
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain

The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is believed to involve alterations in the brain-gut axis; however, the etiological triggers and mechanisms by which these changes lead to symptoms of IBS remain poorly understood. Although IBS is often considered a condition without an identified “organic” etiology, emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota and altered immune function may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. These recent data suggest a plausible model in which changes in the intestinal microbiota and activation of the enteric immune system may impinge upon the brain-gut axis, causing the alterations in gastrointestinal function and the clinical symptoms observed in patients with IBS. This review summarizes the current evidence for altered intestinal microbiota and immune function in IBS. It discusses the potential etiological role of these factors, suggests an updated conceptual model for the pathogenesis of the disorder, and identifies areas for future research.

Prebiotics and probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in children

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guandalini ◽  
E. Cernat ◽  
D. Moscoso
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated to a change in stool consistency or frequency, include low-grade inflammation and intestinal microbiota changes. Few and disappointing data are available for prebiotics. A few controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics are instead available with favourable effects, although most are limited by suboptimal design and small sample size. A recent report from the Rome foundation group included 32 RCTs of probiotics, most of which showed an overall modest improvement in symptoms, with the patients most benefitting from probiotics being those with predominant diarrhoea and those having a post-infectious IBS. A review focusing only on children with functional gastrointestinal disorders concluded that probiotics are more effective than placebo in the treatment of patients with abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders, although no effect on constipation was evident. The role for probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appears logical: the endogenous intestinal microbiota plays a central role in their development, and various probiotics have been found effective in animal models of IBD. However, research in humans has been overall quite limited, and it would seem that after a phase of intense research in the first decade of this century, the pace has slowed down, with fewer clinical trials been published in the past 2-3 years. To summarize current evidence: no probiotic has proven successful in Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, data are more promising, and a very recent meta-analysis, that included 23 randomized controlled trials, concluded that there is evidence of efficacy for the probiotic mixture VSL#3 in helping inducing and maintaining remission, as well as in maintaining remission in patients with pouchitis. It is fair to state that for both IBD and IBS, more well-designed, rigorous, randomized clinical trials must be performed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Food Specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Guided Exclusion Diet in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Hulya Uzunismail
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Exclusion Diet ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Specific Igg Antibodies

From the beginning of this century, symptomatic improvements in different disorders with food specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)-guided exclusion diet have been reported. Most of them belong to gastrointestinal tract such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although this diet has given a chance of symptomatic improvement as the main treatment in IBS or adjuvant therapy in IBD, it is still a matter of debate. Presence of food specific IgG antibodies also in healthy individuals and the use of IgG4 antibodies, known as protective antibodies against excessive immune responses in some of these studies are the main causes of these controversies. Additionally, there is no definite nomenclature for the reaction mediated by food specific IgG antibodies, the name of food intolerance is often used and it makes confusion by evoking non-immune adverse food reactions. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of these improvements have not been fully elucidated yet. Removal of foods that cause intensive immune responses or non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions or increased mast cell activation through IgG-food antigen complexes are among the suggested mechanisms. The effectiveness of this diet, opposing views and possible mechanisms to explain symptomatic improvements are focused in this manuscript

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