Rotavirus serotypes and electropherotypes identified among hospitalised children in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

During June 1997-June 1999 rotavirus infection was screened in infants aged up to 2 years and hospitalised with acute diarrhoea in São Luís, Northeastern Brazil. Altogether, 128 stool samples were collected from diarrhoeic patients and additional 122 faecal specimens from age- and- temporal matched inpatients without diarrhoea were obtained; rotavirus positivity rates for these groups were 32.0% (41/128) and 9.8% (12/122), respectively (p < 0.001). Both electropherotyping and serotyping could be performed in 42 (79.2%) of the 53 rotavirus-positive stool samples. Long and short electropherotypes were detected at similar rates - 38.1% and 40.5% of specimens, respectively. Overall, a G serotype could be assigned for 35 (83.3%) of specimens, the majority of them (66.7%) bearing G1-serotype specificity. Taking both electropherotypes and serotypes together, G1 rotavirus strains displaying long and short RNA patterns accounted for 30.9% and 19.0% of tested specimens, respectively; all G2 strains had short electropherotype. Rotavirus gastroenteritis was detected year-round and, in 1998, the incidence rates tended to be higher during the second semester than in the first semester: 45.2% and 26.1% (p = 0.13), respectively. Rotavirus infections peaked at the second semester of life with frequencies of 30.1% and 13.5% for diarrhoeic children and controls, respectively. While the six rotavirus strains bearing G2-type specificity were circulating throughout the whole study period, G1 serotypes (n = 27) emerged as from June 1998 onwards, 20 (74.1%) of which clustering in 1998. These data underscore the importance of rotaviruses in the aetiology of severe infantile gastroenteritis in Northeastern Brazil and sustain the concept that a future vaccine should confer protection against more than one serotype.

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A study of rotavirus infection in acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age

Indian Journal of Microbiology Research ◽

10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 321-326

Author(s):

Pramod N Sambrani ◽

Pooja Mansabdar ◽

Mahesh Kumar S

Keyword(s):

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Major Morbidity ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Diarrhoeal Diseases ◽

Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Children Under 5

: Diarrhoeal diseases account for an estimated 1.5 million deaths globally every year making it the second leading cause of childhood mortality. In India 1 out of every 250 children die of rotavirus diarrhea each year.: To find out the incidence of rotavirus infection in acute diarrhoeal cases in children under 5 years of age.: A prospective study was conducted on 100 non repetetive stool samples of Children under 5 years of age, presenting with acute diarrhea and hospitalized in the pediatric ward, during December 2015 to November 2016. Stool samples were processed according to premier rotaclone enzyme immunoassay protocol for the detection of rotavirus antigen, adhering to standard laboratory precautions.: The incidence of acute diarrhoeal diseases was 5.86% in our setting. was detected in 29% cases by ELISA method.The antigen detection by EIA is a reliable test, as it is quantitative and also has high sensitivity and specificity. Hence, can be routinely employed to prevent major morbidity and mortality among children, especially less than 5 years of age.

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THE IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS OF ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN KRASNODAR

Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin ◽

10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-5-152-155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 152-155

Author(s):

D. V. Sutovskaya ◽

A. V. Burlutskaya ◽

A. V. Dubova ◽

E. I. Tunikova ◽

V. V. Kulikova

Keyword(s):

Medical Records ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Primary Prophylaxis ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Leading Role ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Vaccine Prophylaxis ◽

Rotavirus Infections

Aim. This research was performed to study the specific immunoprophylaxis of rotavirus infection among child population in Krasnodar.Materials and methods. There was conducted the analysis of 2386 medical records of patients who were immunized against the rotavirus infection by the pentavalent reassortant vaccine "Rotatec" for the period of 2013-2017, the assessment of the incidence of acute intestinal infections (AII) and rotavirus infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated children of the first two years of life as well as a comparative analysis of primary prophylaxis of rotavirus infection with the incidence of rotavirus infection according to data of Rospotrebnadzor for the study period.Results. Coverage of the vaccination against rotavirus infection among children in Krasnodar for the period of 2013−2017 was 5,6 % of the target cohort which is not enough to reduce the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis. There was demonstrated the efficacy and safety of rotavirus vaccine. During the study period vaccinated children were 2.5 times less likely to suffer from AII. No cases of rotavirus infection were reported among the vaccinated respondents.Conclusion. The leading role of rotavirus infection in severe forms of acute gastroenteritis in children of the first 5 years of life as well as the high efficiency of vaccine prophylaxis gives hope that vaccination against rotavirus infection will be included in the Russian national calendar of preventive vaccinations everywhere in the nearest future.

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A Significant Decrease in the Incidence of Shigellosis in Israel during COVID-19 Pandemic

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063070 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3070

Author(s):

Ravit Bassal ◽

Lital Keinan-Boker ◽

Dani Cohen

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Surveillance Network ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Enteric Diseases ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Before And After ◽

Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Adjusted Incidence

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 and is mostly person-to-person transmitted through respiratory droplets. The implications of the strategies implemented to prevent COVID-19 transmission on other infectious diseases are unclear. We aimed to appraise trends in the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis and campylobacteriosis in Israel during COVID-19 pandemic. Positive stool samples for Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter are reported on a monthly basis to the Israel Center for Disease Control from sentinel laboratories, within the framework of a surveillance network of bacterial culture-proven enteric diseases. Age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 of shigellosis, salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis were calculated. Mean rates before and after the local onset of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel were compared and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) was calculated. Joinpoint was used to evaluate secular trends. The mean age-adjusted incidence rate of shigellosis in March–July 2020 was lower than the rate observed in March–July 2018–2019 (RRR = 86.6%), but also decreased for salmonellosis (RRR = 33.0%) and campylobacteriosis (RRR = 30.0%). Using Joinpoint we have shown that the decrease observed for shigellosis was significantly sharper (Annual Percent Change (APC) = −77.7) between February 2020 and May 2020 than for salmonellosis (APC = −14.0) between July 2019 and April 2020 and for campylobacteriosis (APC = −1.1) between January 2018 and July 2020. The preventive measures applied to reduce transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing and hand washing, were ecologically associated with a decreased risk of bacterial enteric diseases in Israel. The association was strongest for shigellosis, a disease that is mostly person-to-person transmitted, as compared to salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis which are mostly foodborne transmitted.

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Rotavirus Nosocomial Infection in Children under 5 years of age: A Preliminary study in Nepal

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v31i1.3540 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JB Sherchan ◽

H Ohara ◽

K Sherpa ◽

S Sakurada ◽

B Gurung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Enteric Pathogens ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Common Causes ◽

Before And After ◽

Stool Samples

Introduction: Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children. The spread of rotavirus infection in pediatric wards can cause acute diarrhoea during hospitalization, and in turn, prolong hospitalization or need, rehospitalization. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus and other causal organisms among children less than 5 years of age. Methodology: A cross-sectional study between November 2009 and May 2010 was conducted among 96 pediatric patients in children hospital, Nepal. Stool samples were collected during hospitalization and up to 3 days after discharge from the hospital. Rotavirus antigens were detected by EIA and standard microbiological procedure were applied for other enteric pathogens. Results: The prevalence of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus was 30.2% (29/96). Of them, 16 (55.17%) of the 29 children with nosocomial infection during hospitalization and/or up to 72 hours after discharge developed diarrhoea. The prevalence of symptomatic cases of nosocomial infection was 55.17% (16/29), which involved 16.7% (16/96) of the study subjects, showing a prevalence of 44.82% (13/29) for asymptomatic nosocomial infection consisted of 13.54% (13/96) of the total subjects. Eleven of the 16 symptomatic subjects of nosocomial infection were affected by diarrhoea during hospitalization and five subjects after discharge. Bacteria (8.3%) and protozoa (5.2%) agents were also causing nosocomial infection in children. Conclusions: Children attending hospital may asymptomatically carry enteric pathogens and potentially act as source of nosocomial infection. Due to the relatively high frequency of nosocomial infection in the Children Hospital of Nepal, it is necessary to follow strictly hygienic rules such as isolation of patients with diarrhoea and hand-washing before and after the examination of each patient and cleaning the examination instruments after use in each patient. Key words: Diarrhoea; children; Rotavirus infection; Cross-sectional study; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.3540J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):30-34

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Management of patients presenting with diarrhoea to a regional emergency department in KwaZulu-Natal: Call for clearer, more relevant guidance

Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine ◽

10.4102/sajhivmed.v15i3.9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 102-103

Author(s):

Soren Kudsk-Iversen ◽

John Paul Gilbert ◽

Anneshree Azarath

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Current Guidelines

Background. HIV is prevalent throughout South Africa, and diarrhoea is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED) among both HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals. Method. We audited the management of diarrhoea against standard guidelines in the ED of a regional hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. Patients presenting with diarrhoea as their chief complaint were eligible and data were collected prospectively. Results. A total of 72 patients were included: 58 (81%) of patients were HIV-positive with an average CD4+ count of 180 cells/µl. A total of 34 stool samples were sent for standard microscopy and culture (M&C), among which 26 were positive (76%). Forty-three patients (60%) received antibiotics, 15 of whom had positive stool M&C. In all cases, the final diagnosis was listed as acute gastroenteritis without further specification, and antibiotic use according to guidelines appeared inconsistent. Conclusion. Based on this audit, we suggest that current guidelines are not clear concerning management of acute diarrhoea in HIV-infected individuals, and that the lack of clear management strategies is likely to affect patient safety and increase antibiotic resistance.

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Descriptive epidemiology of rotavirus infection in a community in North India

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002762 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (10) ◽

pp. 2094-2100 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. R. CHANDOLA ◽

S. TANEJA ◽

N. GOYAL ◽

S. S. RATHORE ◽

M. B. APPAIAHGARI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

North India ◽

First Year ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Urban Neighbourhoods ◽

The Common ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYIn India, rotavirus infections cause the death of 98621 children each year. In urban neighbourhoods in Delhi, children were followed up for 1 year to estimate the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and common genotypes. Infants aged ⩽1 week were enrolled in cohort 1 and infants aged 12 months (up to +14 days) in cohort 2. Fourteen percent (30/210) gastroenteritis episodes were positive for rotavirus. Incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in the first and second year were 0·18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·27] and 0·14 (95% CI 0·07–0·21) episodes/child-year, respectively. The incidence rate of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in the first year of life was 0·05 (95% CI 0·01–0·10) episodes/child-year. There were no cases in the second year. The common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (27%) and G9P[4] (23%). That severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in the first year of life is relevant for planning efficacy trials.

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Updates in the Prevalence of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Babylon City

Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.32947/ajps.18.2.369 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-12

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Causative Organism ◽

Care Providers ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Age Range ◽

Latex Test ◽

Children Under 5

Background: Diarrhea is a main cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. Globally it is responsible for approximately four billion cases and three million deaths annually. In developing countries, it causes two million deaths each year. The major causative organism is rotavirus which is responsible for one-third of hospitalizations with approximately 40% mortality. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and demographic characteristics of rotavirus infection in Babylon city, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were taken from children with age range of 6 months to 5 years complained of diarrhea during the period beginning in October 2016 till August 2017. The age, gender, residence, the type of feeding, place of the sample collection and duration of diarrhea were recorded. Specimens were analyzed by Latex test for detection of rotavirus. Results: A total of 349 children presented with diarrhea, the rotavirus antigen was detected in 169 fecal specimens from children with diarrhea (48%). More percentages of positive rotavirus specimens were seen in the 5year of age. No gender differences were observed, meanwhile samples obtained from rural areas and breastfed children showed less rotavirus positive infection. Conclusion: The present study confirms that rotavirus infection is still currently a prevalent gastroenteritis causative agent and required careful clinical attention. Pediatricians and health care providers are needed to be encouraged to take into account the children who at risk for developing rotavirus infection including age, residence and type of feeding.

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Updates in the Prevalence of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Babylon City

Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.32947/ajps.18.02.369 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-12

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Causative Organism ◽

Care Providers ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Age Range ◽

Latex Test ◽

Children Under 5

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Rapid detection of Rotavirus antigen in stool sample of acute diarrheic children

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjmm.v6i1.19354 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 11-13

Author(s):

Sushmita Roy ◽

S.M. Shamsuzzaman ◽

K.Z. Mamun

Keyword(s):

Stool Sample ◽

Rapid Detection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Rapid Diagnosis ◽

Age Group ◽

College Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Medical College ◽

Stool Samples

Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of pediatric diarrhea globally. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of Rotavirus diarrhea should reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics and ultimately reduce drug resistance. Study was designed for rapid diagnosis of Rotavirus antigen in stool sample by ICT (Immunochromatographic test) as well as to observe the seasonal variation of rotavirus infection. This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Dhaka Medical College from January 2011 to December 2011. Eighty stool samples were collected from Dhaka Shishu Hospital and Dhaka Medical College Hospital. All samples were tested for rotavirus antigen by ICT. Among 80 patients, 42 (52.5%) samples were positive for rotavirus antigen. Among these 42 positive samples, 30 (71.43%) were from 0-12 months of age group, 10 (23.81%) from 13 to 24 months of age group and rest 2 (4.76%) from 25 to 36 months of age group. Rotavirus Ag was detected in stool samples from January to April and another peak episode from October to December. Considering the importance of Rotavirus associated diarrhea, rapid detection of Rotavirus infection in human is substantially needed and should be routinely practiced.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v6i1.19354 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2012; 06(01): 11-13

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Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital

Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.34299/mhsrj.00927 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 87-92

Keyword(s):

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Viral Gastroenteritis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Five ◽

Group A Rotavirus ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Group A ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Considerable Morbidity

Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.

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